Session 03 - Introduction to CSS

Harvard Extension School  
Fall 2024

Course Web Site: https://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/

Topics

  1. CSS Mechanics - rules and selectors
  2. Basic Selectors - elements, class, id
  3. CSS Properties and Values
  4. Starting off with CSS
  5. Working an Example
  6. Box Model or Block Model
  7. Colors
  8. Backgrounds
  9. Hypertext Links
  10. Fonts

Session 03 - Introduction to CSS, slide1
Client-side Web Parts: Structure, Style, Function, slide2
Styles, slide3
Different Styles for The United States Constitution, slide4
University of Colorado - Boulder, slide5
Responsive Web Design, slide6
CSS Guides and Reference , slide7
CSS Mechanics - rules and selectors, slide8
Anatomy of a CSS Rule, slide9
Simple CSS Example, slide10
CSS Mechanics - Binding Styles to Markup, slide11
style attribute, slide12
style element, slide13
link element, slide14
Combining Rules, slide15
Combining Selectors, slide16
Basic Selectors - elements, class, id, slide17
class selectors, slide18
id selectors, slide19
Contextual Selectors, slide20
CSS Properties and Values, slide21
Inheritance, slide22
Rule Specificity, slide23
Browsers (User-Agents) have a default stylesheet, slide24
Starting off with CSS, slide25
Working an Example, slide26
What do we see as the underlying markup?, slide27
Here's some text to start us out, slide28
Box Model or Block Model, slide29
Frames on a Wall, slide30
Box Model revealed in your Browser, slide31
margin, padding, border, slide32
border-style, slide33
TRBL for padding and margin shorthand, slide34
Colors, slide35
Color and Palette Pickers, slide36
Backgrounds, slide37
Hypertext Links, slide38
Fonts, slide39
font-family, slide40
font-style, slide41
font-variant and font-weight, slide42
font-size, slide43
Font Sizes: Relative vs. Absolute, slide44
"font" shorthand property, slide45
Web Fonts - Include through CSS link element, slide46
Font Pairings, slide47
text properties, slide48

Presentation contains 48 slides

Client-side Web Parts: Structure, Style, Function

web parts

Structure, Style, Function

Files:

markup
markup + style

Styles

The markup page references an external stylesheet document.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Our Solar System</title>
    <!-- the link element is used to reference a stylesheet -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles/solarsystem.css" />

The CSS file contains style rules for the document (solarsystem.css)

Contents of the CSS file: 
body {
  margin-left: 5%;
  margin-top: 2rem;
  margin-right: 5%;
  background-image: linear-gradient(#ffffff, #ffffef);
  background-color: #ffffdd;
  font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif;
  min-height: 100vh;
}

h1 {
  font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif;
  color: #333333;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #333333;
}

ul.gallery {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: flex-start;
}

ul.gallery li {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  flex-basis: 1 0 auto;
  text-align: center;
  border: thin dotted #333333;
  margin: 0.8rem;
  padding: 0.8rem;
}

ul.gallery li img {
  border: none;
}

footer {
  margin-top: 2rem;
  padding: 1rem;
  font-size: smaller;
}

a:link, a:visited {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: blue;
}

a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

a:active {
  border: none;
  text-decoration: none;
}

Different Styles for The United States Constitution

W3C Core Styles applied to the US Constitution.
constitutionconstitutionconstitutionconstitutionconstitutionconstitutionconstitutionconstitution

University of Colorado - Boulder

CU Boulder - Home

cu home page

With CSS disabled:

cu home no css

Responsive Web Design

responsive wide screen

responsive medium screen

responsive small screen

CSS Guides and Reference

CSS Validator

CSS Specifications (likely not too useful)

CSS Mechanics - rules and selectors

Anatomy of a CSS Rule

CSS Rule

css rule

Selector and Declarations

css selector and declarations

Properties and Values

css property and value

Simple CSS Example

Example 3.1 - Simple CSS Example - Example 3.1
 
 <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
 </p>

In style element (<style>) within head element: 

p {
    color: red;
    background-color: blue;
  }

Screenshot

CSS Mechanics - Binding Styles to Markup

Three ways to bind CSS rules to HTML markup:

style attribute

Example 3.2 - style attribute - Example 3.2

 <p style="color: black; background-color: teal; padding: 1em; font-family: helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; margin: 2rem;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
 </p>

Screenshot

style element

Example 3.3 - style element - Example 3.3

 <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
 </p>

In style element (<style>) within head element: 

p {
    color: black;
    background-color: teal;
    padding: 1em;
    font-family: helvetica, sans-serif;
    text-align: justify;
    margin: 2rem;
  }

Screenshot

So the full page looks like:


 <html>
   <head>
     <title>CSCIE-12 CSS Example</title>
     <style>
      p {
         color: black;
         background-color: teal;
         padding: 1em;
         font-family: helvetica, sans-serif;
         text-align: justify;
         margin: 2rem;
      }
     </style>
   </head>
   <body>
     <p>
      Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec
      facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit.
      Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante
      sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
     </p>
  </body>
</html>

link element

The link element can reference an external stylesheet.
Example 3.4 - link element for stylesheets - Example 3.4

 <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
 </p>

In head element: 

<link rel="stylesheet" href="example4.css"/>

In example4.css

p {
    color: black;
    background-color: teal;
    padding: 1em;
    font-family: helvetica, sans-serif;
    text-align: justify;
    margin: 2rem;
  }

Screenshot

The full source:

<html>
   <head>
     <title>CSCIE-12 CSS Example</title>
     <link href="example4.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
   </head>
   <body>
     <p>
      Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec
      facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit.
      Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante
      sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
     </p>
  </body>
</html>

Combining Rules

Rules can be combined so that a single declaration contains multiple rules. The following two sets of style rules would produce identical results.

Is this:

p {
  color: black;
  background-color: teal;
  padding: 1em;
  margin: 1em;
  font-family: helvetica, sans-serif;
  text-align: justify;
}

Better than this?:

p {color: black;}
p {background-color: teal;}
p {padding: 1em;}
p {margin: 1em;}
p {font-family: helvetica, sans-serif;}
p {text-align: justify;}

Combining Selectors

Selectors can be combined into comma-separated groups so that a single declaration can be applied to multiple selectors.

Is this:

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { color: maroon;}

Better than this?:

h1 { color: maroon; }
h2 { color: maroon; }
h3 { color: maroon; }
h4 { color: maroon; }
h5 { color: maroon; }
h6 { color: maroon; }

Basic Selectors - elements, class, id

element selectors

p {
  background-color: white;
  color: maroon;
}

ul {
  border: medium solid green;
}

li {
  background-color: lightsalmon;
}

h1,
h2,
h3 {
  background-color: black;
  color: white;
}

CSS element selector example

rendered page

class selectors

The class and id attributes of HTML elements can be used in conjunction with styles.

Class names are referenced in CSS as .classname, and may or may not have an element name preceding the period (.classname or element.classname.

Likewise, id names are referenced in CSS as #idref, where "idref" is the id name.

Example 3.5 - classes - Example 3.5

 <div>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci.
 </div>
 <div class="withstyle">Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
 </div>
 <div class="warn">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci.
 </div>
 <div>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
   <span class="warn">consectetuer adipiscing elit   </span>. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci.
 </div>
 <div id="terms-of-service">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci.
 </div>

In style element (<style>) within head element: 

div
{
  background-color: white;
  color: black;
  font-family: times;
  margin: 0.5em;
  padding: 0.5em;
}
div.withstyle
{
  background-color: #5c5c00;
  color: white;
  font-family: sans-serif;
  margin: 0.5em;
  padding: 0.5em;
}
.warn
{
  border: 3px solid yellow;
  color: #b30000;
  font-weight: bold;
}
#terms-of-service
{
  color: #575757;
  font-size: 0.8em;
}

id selectors

id names are referenced in CSS as #idref, and may or may not have an element name preceding the period (#idref or element#idref.

Example 3.6 - id selectors - Example 3.6
 
 <header>
   <h1>Lorem Ipsum   </h1> </header>
 <main><!-- main content -->
   <section id="bigidea">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.   </section>
   <section>Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna.   </section> </main>
 <footer>Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. </footer>

In style element (<style>) within head element: 


    h1 { text-align: center; }
    section { margin: 1rem; }
    footer { margin: 1rem;
      padding: 1rem;
      border-top: thin solid black;
      background-color: #f0f0f0;
    }
    #bigidea {
            background-color: blue;
            color: white;
            border-color: green;
            border-width: thick;
            border-style: solid;
            line-height: 1.5;
            padding: 1rem;
    }

Contextual Selectors

selector1 selector2 { ...rules... }

Often you'll see this as ways to apply different rules in header, main, and footer

main p {
  /* rules for p inside of main */
}
footer p {
  /* rules for p inside of main */
}
h2 {
  /* rules for h2 */
  foo
}
section h2 {
  /* rules for h2 inside of section */
}

Example of "li em" selector

Example 3.7 - contextual selectors - Example 3.7
 
 <div>
   <em>Emphasized text   </em>outside of
   <strong>li   </strong>appear with default styules.
   <ul>
     <li>
       <em>Emphasized text       </em>within
       <strong>li       </strong>have a different style.
     </li>   </ul>
 </div>

In style element (<style>) within head element: 


li em { color: red; background-color: navy;}

Screenshot

CSS Properties and Values

CSS Properties

CSS Level 1 lists 53 properties.

  • Font Properites
    • font-family
    • font-style
    • font-variant
    • font-weight
    • font-size
    • font
  • Color and Background Properties
    • color
    • background-color
    • background-image
    • background-repeat
    • background-attachment
    • background-position
    • background
  • Text Properties
    • word-spacing
    • letter-spacing
    • text-decoration
    • vertical-align
    • text-transform
    • text-align
    • text-indent
    • line-height
  • Box Properties
    • margin-top
    • margin-right
    • margin-bottom
    • margin-left
    • margin
    • padding-top
    • padding-right
    • padding-bottom
    • padding-left
    • padding
    • border-top-width
    • border-right-width
    • border-bottom-width
    • border-left-width
    • border-width
    • border-color
    • border-style
    • border-top
    • border-right
    • border-bottom
    • border-left
    • border
    • width
    • height
    • float
    • clear
    • display
  • Classification Properties
    • white-space
    • list-style-type
    • list-style-image
    • list-style-position
    • list-style

CSS Level 2.1 lists 115 properties.

  • azimuth
  • background
  • background-attachment
  • background-color
  • background-image
  • background-position
  • background-repeat
  • border
  • border-bottom
  • border-bottom-color
  • border-bottom-style
  • border-bottom-width
  • border-collapse
  • border-color
  • border-left
  • border-left-color
  • border-left-style
  • border-left-width
  • border-right
  • border-right-color
  • border-right-style
  • border-right-width
  • border-spacing
  • border-style
  • border-top
  • border-top-color
  • border-top-style
  • border-top-width
  • border-width
  • bottom
  • caption-side
  • clear
  • clip
  • color
  • content
  • counter-increment
  • counter-reset
  • cue
  • cue-after
  • cue-before
  • cursor
  • direction
  • display
  • elevation
  • empty-cells
  • float
  • font
  • font-family
  • font-size
  • font-style
  • font-variant
  • font-weight
  • height
  • left
  • letter-spacing
  • line-height
  • list-style
  • list-style-image
  • list-style-position
  • list-style-type
  • margin
  • margin-bottom
  • margin-left
  • margin-right
  • margin-top
  • max-height
  • max-width
  • min-height
  • min-width
  • orphans
  • outline
  • outline-color
  • outline-style
  • outline-width
  • overflow
  • padding
  • padding-bottom
  • padding-left
  • padding-right
  • padding-top
  • page-break-after
  • page-break-before
  • page-break-inside
  • pause
  • pause-after
  • pause-before
  • pitch
  • pitch-range
  • play-during
  • position
  • quotes
  • richness
  • right
  • speak
  • speak-header
  • speak-numeral
  • speak-punctuation
  • speech-rate
  • stress
  • table-layout
  • text-align
  • text-decoration
  • text-indent
  • text-transform
  • top
  • unicode-bidi
  • vertical-align
  • visibility
  • voice-family
  • volume
  • white-space
  • widows
  • width
  • word-spacing
  • z-index

CSS Level 3 has several hundred properties.
See MDN CSS reference index of properties.

Inheritance

Properties are typically inherited by children elements.
Example 3.8 - Styles and inheritance - Example 3.8
 
 <div>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
   <em>consectetuer adipiscing elit   </em>. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
   <ul>
     <li>Lorem
     </li>
     <li>Ipsum
     </li>
     <li>Dolor
     </li>   </ul>
 </div>
 <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
 </p>
 <ul>
   <li>Lorem
   </li>
   <li>Ipsum
   </li>
   <li>Dolor
   </li> </ul>

In style element (<style>) within head element: 

body { color: navy; }
em { color: red; }
div { color: green; }

Screenshot

Rule Specificity

The more specific selector wins!
For now:

id > class > elements > element

More about this next week!

Browsers (User-Agents) have a default stylesheet

That's why lists are bulleted, paragraphs have space above, headings are big and bold, etc.

Starting off with CSS

Working an Example

Let's create something like this:
screenshot

What do we see as the underlying markup?

screenshot

Here's some text to start us out

Files

├── images
│   ├── logo-css3.png
│   ├── logo-html5.png
│   ├── logo-js.png
│   └── opte-internet.jpg
├── index.html
├── reference_materials
│   ├── screenshot-main-topics-css-intro-annotated.png
│   ├── screenshot-main-topics-css-intro.png
│   └── text_content.txt
└── styles
    └── site.css

Text

Box Model or Block Model

Box Model Illustration from CSS: The Definitive Guide by Eric Meyer

A more detailed look:

block-start, block-end, inline-start, inline-end
For LRTB writing, these correspond to top, bottom, left, and right.
Box Model Illustration from CSS: The Definitive Guide by Eric Meyer

Think about the block axis (direction of multiple lines) and the inline axis (direction of line) Box Model Illustration from CSS: The Definitive Guide by Eric Meyer

Image from CSS: The Definitive Guide, 5th ed by Eric Meyer and Estelle Weyl, published by O'Reilly

Frames on a Wall

Content = picture
Padding = matting
Frame = border
Margin = space between frames

frames on a wall

Box Model revealed in your Browser

Use the "inspect" tool in your browser! Right click (or context click) and select "Inspect"

box model in chrome

margin, padding, border

Properties are listed, with (equivalent properties for LRTB writing in parentheses)

border-style

Example 3.9 - Border Styles - Example 3.9
 
 <h4>Dotted </h4>
 <p class="border1">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras feugiat mauris facilisis libero. Etiam nisl. Cras est dolor, viverra ac, ultrices volutpat, vestibulum et, odio. Nulla eget libero. Praesent eget tellus vel nibh nonummy egestas.
 </p>
 <h4>Dashed </h4>
 <p class="border2">Etiam eu arcu quis lectus semper sodales. Donec vitae risus. Integer sollicitudin imperdiet dolor. Donec vehicula. Aliquam ut sapien sed eros imperdiet pharetra. Donec accumsan scelerisque leo. Sed eros nunc, pellentesque et, mollis non, faucibus venenatis, tortor.
 </p>
 <h4>Outset </h4>
 <p class="border3">Pellentesque a velit. Sed pharetra vestibulum mauris. Ut vel arcu. Cras dolor ligula, eleifend et, ultrices nec, viverra in, ipsum. In convallis pharetra lacus. Etiam tellus. Aliquam quam. Vivamus mattis purus nec quam. Suspendisse hendrerit dui ac massa.
 </p>
 <h4>Solid </h4>
 <p class="border4">Etiam rhoncus. Praesent id neque et odio dictum varius. Integer imperdiet blandit orci. Donec nec nunc posuere augue egestas accumsan. Nunc nonummy metus ut nunc. In id turpis vitae nisl eleifend bibendum. Curabitur cursus aliquam dolor.
 </p>
 <h4>Double </h4>
 <p class="border5">Duis id erat a tortor laoreet aliquet. Quisque consectetuer lobortis mauris. Donec pede. Cras non turpis vel tortor iaculis nonummy. Ut facilisis viverra sem. Morbi pretium iaculis ligula. Praesent lectus. Aenean vel ante. Nunc interdum semper nisl. Pellentesque tincidunt.
 </p>
 <h4>Groove </h4>
 <p class="border6">Aliquam leo nunc, congue a, imperdiet eget, aliquet ac, tortor. Sed ac est. Vivamus nisi. Mauris in nisl. Sed ultricies nunc vel nunc. In dignissim consequat arcu. Sed in risus. Nulla facilisi. Integer purus urna, laoreet vitae, congue a, posuere ut, ipsum. Nunc ac lacus sit amet nisi porttitor aliquam.
 </p>
 <h4>Ridge </h4>
 <p class="border7">Vivamus dictum, sem in vulputate vestibulum, est tellus tempus dolor, ut laoreet arcu metus eu orci. Sed enim augue, dignissim sed, porta sed, dapibus ac, nibh. Nunc mattis ipsum eu lectus. Nam pharetra mattis massa.
 </p>
 <h4>Inset </h4>
 <p class="border8">Maecenas consectetuer, lectus ac tempus iaculis, leo ipsum tincidunt erat, et aliquam libero nulla ac ipsum. Nam turpis leo, feugiat vel, nonummy id, ornare a, arcu. Vestibulum porta, justo et ornare porta, neque eros vestibulum libero, semper iaculis augue turpis eu neque.
 </p>

In style element (<style>) within head element: 

body {
font-family: tahoma,arial,sans-serif;
font-size: small;
}
p {
margin: 1em;
padding: 1em;
width: 50%;
}
.border1 {
border: thin dotted #900;
}
.border2 {
border: medium dashed #090;
}
.border3 {
border: thick outset #009;
}
.border4 {
border: 3px solid #999;
}
.border5 {
border: 5px double #000;
}
.border6 {
border: 10px groove black;
}
.border7 {
border: 15px ridge black;
}
.border8 {
border: 20px inset #900;
}

Screenshot

TRBL for padding and margin shorthand

Stay out of "TRBL" (top right bottom left) for padding and margin shorthand.

But since we're trying to stay away from directions, mentally translate "top, right, bottom, left" to "block start, inline-end, block end, inline start"

Values that are present are used to fill in for values that are not:

Colors

prism light refraction

Color Names

As first defined in HTML: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, yellow

And then came 140 color names defined.

Color names OK for quick experiments, but we can do better.

RGB Color Space

256 colors in each channel (Red, Green, Blue). Values can be
color picker

The following are all equivalent ways of defining a shade of orange:

  • rgb(100%,66%,33%)
  • rgb(255,168,84)
  • #ffa854
 
Example 3.10 - Example 3.10

 <div style="background-color: rgb(100%,66%,33%); padding: 1em; ; margin: 1em;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
   <br/>
rgb(100%,66%,33%)
 </div>
 <div style="background-color: #ffa854; padding: 1em; margin: 1em; ">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
   <br/>
#ffa854
 </div>
 <div style="background-color: rgb(255,168,84); padding: 1em; ; margin: 1em;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
   <br/>
rgb(255,168,84)
 </div>

Color and Palette Pickers

Backgrounds

See MDN Backgrounds and borders

Hypertext Links

pseudo-classes for links (a elements)

Use the "link-visited-hover-active" or "LVHA" ordering (some like to remember this by "LoVe HAte").

Example 3.11 - a pseudo-classes (link, visited, hover, active)) - Example 3.11
   
 <nav class="site">
   <ul>
     <li>
       <a href="#about-us">About Us       </a>
     </li>
     <li>
       <a href="#courses">Courses       </a>
     </li>
     <li>
       <a href="#registration">Registration       </a>
     </li>
     <li>
       <a href="#degrees-certificates">Degrees & Certificates       </a>
     </li>
     <li>
       <a href="#distance-education">Distance Education       </a>
     </li>
     <li>
       <a href="#exams-grades-policies">Exams, Grades, & Policies       </a>
     </li>
     <li>
       <a href="#resources">Resources       </a>
     </li>
     <li>
       <a href="#news-hub">News Hub       </a>
     </li>   </ul> </nav>

In style element (<style>) within head element: 

nav a:link {
          text-decoration: none;
          color: blue;
          background-color: white;
          }
      nav a:visited {
          text-decoration: none;
          color: #66f;            /* lighter blue */
          background-color: #ccc; /* grey */
      }
      nav a:hover {
          text-decoration: none;
          color: white;
          background-color: blue;
      }
      nav a:active {
          text-decoration: underline;
          color: red;
          background-color: yellow;
      }
      /**
        Some tweaks to make the list
          look more like a sidebar
          navigation.  Not important for
          to illustrate the
          a pseudo classes
      */
      nav.site ul { font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold; width: 25%; list-style: none;}
      a {margin: 0.25em; padding: 0.25em; display: block;}

a pseudo classes default

a:hover

a:active

Fonts

font-family

body {
  font-family: garamond, times, serif;
}
Example 3.12 - font properties - Example 3.12

 <div style="font-family: garamond, times, serif;">Garamond, Times, or serif (generic family)
 </div>
 <div style="font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Calibri, Arial, Helvetica or sans-serif (generic family)
 </div>
 <div style="font-family: lucida console, courier, monospace;">Lucida Console, Courier or monospace (generic family)
 </div>
 <div style="font-family: fantasy;">Fantasy (generic family)
 </div>
 <div style="font-family: cursive;">Cursive (generic family)
 </div>

Screenshot

font-style

em {
  font-style: italic;
}
Example 3.13 - font-style - Example 3.13

 <div style="font-style: normal;">Normal font-style
 </div>
 <div style="font-style: italic;">Italic font-style
 </div>
 <div style="font-style: oblique;">Oblique font-style
 </div>

font-variant and font-weight

font-variant

Example 3.14 - font-weight and font-variant - Example 3.14

 <div style="font-variant: small-caps;">This should be rendered in small-caps.
   <div style="font-variant: normal;">Here we revert to "normal".
   </div>
 </div>

font-weight

strong {
  font-weight: bold;
}
values: normal | bold | bolder | lighter | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900
Example 3.15 - font-weight - Example 3.15

 <div>font-weight can be used to make
   <span style="font-weight: bold">text appear bold   </span>.
 </div>

font-size

em and rem units

rem is the em unit at the "root" level.
These are the preferred units! "em" and "rem"

Font-size examples

Example 3.16 - font-size - Example 3.16

 <div style="font-size: 8pt;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci.
 </div>
 <div style="font-size: 120%;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci.
 </div>
 <div style="font-size: 1.5em;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci.
 </div>
 <div style="font-size: 2rem;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci.
 </div>

Font Sizes: Relative vs. Absolute

As a general guideline with CSS, relative measurements are better than absolute measurements.

"font" shorthand property

In CSS, there are various shorthand properties; these allow you to define several properties in a single place.

The font shorthand property allows you to set:
[font-style | font-variant | font-weight ]? font-size[/line-height]? font-family

Example 3.17 - font shorthand - Example 3.17
 
 <div>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
 </div>

In style element (<style>) within head element: 

body {
      font: normal normal normal x-large/200% arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
}

Screenshot

Web Fonts - Include through CSS link element

Using a link element to include CSS with @font-face definitions is how some font hosting services recommend including their fonts. Google Fonts does this.

The server delivering the fonts does browser detection and delivers the CSS file with the appropriate font format.

Note that we are having using two Google Fonts -- Cabin Sketch and Cabin. And we also link to our own stylesheet (demo.css).

<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Cabin+Sketch:wght@400;700&amp;family=Cabin:wght@400;700&amp;display=swap"
rel="stylesheet" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="demo.css" />

Our CSS in demo.css:

h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
font-family:"Cabin Sketch", sans-serif;
}

h1 {
font-size: 3rem;
}

h2 {
font-size: 2rem;
}

body {
font-family: sans-serif;
}

web font

Note that nothing magical is going on here -- Google is simply returning CSS that uses @font-face with the font format appropriate for the browser making the request.

/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Cabin Sketch';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Cabin Sketch Regular'), local('CabinSketch-Regular'), url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cabinsketch/v14/QGYpz_kZZAGCONcK2A4bGOj8mNhNy_r-Kw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Cabin Sketch';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Cabin Sketch Bold'), local('CabinSketch-Bold'), url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cabinsketch/v14/QGY2z_kZZAGCONcK2A4bGOj0I_1Y5tjzAYOcFg.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}

Cheese and Wine Font Pairings

Font pairing — headings (h1,...,h6) and body

Try some professional advice on font pairing (a web search on "font pairing" will get you started.)
Start with a font for headings and another font for body.

Font Resources

Finding or exploring fonts:

text properties

Align blocks of text left, right, center, and justified.

Example 3.18 - text properties - Example 3.18

 <div style="margin-left: 30%; margin-right: 30%;">
   <p style="text-align: left">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
   </p>
   <p style="text-align: center">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
   </p>
   <p style="text-align: right">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
   </p>
   <p style="text-align: justify">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.
   </p>
 </div>

Screenshot