Session 02 - Markup (HTML)

Topics

1. Essential Questions to Consider
2. HTML5
3. HTML Purpose
4. Common HTML5 Elements - Grouping Content
5. Lists - ul and li
6. Common HTML5 Elements - a element - anchor
7. Common HTML5 Elements - Text Level Semantics
8. Entities - what's this &name-or-number;?
9. Common HTML5 Elements - Embedded content
10. WAVE - Accessibility Evaluation Tool
11. Section-level elements
12. Workflow
13. Version Control
14. What about: <meta charset="utf-8">

Session 02 - Markup (HTML), slide1
Essential Questions to Consider, slide2
Components of the Web, slide3
Client-side Web Parts: Structure, Style, Function, slide4
HTML5, slide5
HTML5, slide6
Most commonly used or seen elements, slide7
Learning about HTML elements, slide8
HTML Elements - the basic building blocks structure, slide9
HTML Elements, slide10
HTML Purpose, slide11
HTML Document Structure, slide12
Web Page Structure: header, main, footer, slide13
Wait a minute — head and header?, slide14
nav element - navigation, slide15
Common HTML5 Elements - Grouping Content, slide16
article and section and div, slide17
p and div elements, slide18
Lists - ul and li, slide19
Nested Lists - li is a child of ul!, slide20
Lists in Action, slide21
Sections - Headings, slide22
Headings and Lists In Action, slide23
Common HTML5 Elements - a element - anchor, slide24
Creating Links, slide25
Common HTML5 Elements - Text Level Semantics, slide26
span element, slide27
Line Breaks and white space characters (br element), slide28
Entities - what's this &name-or-number;?, slide29
Common HTML5 Elements - Embedded content, slide30
Accessibility Principle: Provide text alternatives for non-text content., slide31
WAVE - Accessibility Evaluation Tool, slide32
Section-level elements, slide33
Parts of a Page, slide34
Workflow, slide35
Version Control, slide36
What about: <meta charset="utf-8">, slide37
Character Sets and Encoding, slide38
Unicode and utf-8, slide39
Character Sets and Encoding, slide40

Presentation contains 40 slides

Essential Questions to Consider

• How does the web work?
• How do we make the web work?
• What meaning do we give our through the use of HTML elements?

Components of the Web

1. Web Browser (HTTP Client)

2. Web Server (HTTP Server)

3. Communication

Communication between the web browser and web server, including how they communicate (HTTP) and the network.

Client-side Web Parts: Structure, Style, Function

Structure, Style, Function

• Solar System - Structure
• Solar System - Structure + Style
• Solar System - Strucutre + Style + Function

HTML5

HTML5

115 elements defined in HTML5

More information: HTML5 Living Standard from the WHATWG. Section 4 contains the List of elements in HTML.

I've highlighted the two dozen or so elements that you will use most commonly.

Most commonly used or seen elements

Start with these 24 — these are elements you will use in most of your web pages, or that you'll find in a majority of web pages.

Learning about HTML elements

How to find out more about HTML elements?

Two places that I would start are:

• MDN Web Docs: HTML elements reference
  For example:
  • h1 to h6
  • img
• HTML Living Standard (WHATWG).
  For example:
  • html
  • a

HTML Elements - the basic building blocks structure

• Start Tag
  • Element Name
  • Attribute and Value Pairs
• Content
• End Tag

A Hypertext Link

Markup for a Hypertext link:

How it would render in a web browser:

Start Tag
<a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

Element Name
<a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

Attribute
<a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

Attribute Value
<a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

Content
<a href="htts://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

End Tag
<a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

HTML Elements

Content can be other elements

<ul>
          <li>Tea</li>
          <li>Coffee</li><li>Water</li>
        </ul>

ul is an unordered list
li is a list item

Sometimes you will have more than one attribute

<img src="images/kitten.jpg" alt="Cute kitten playing wih a ball of yarn" />

img is to embed an image

Some elements are "empty"

Note the "end tag" is part of the "start tag" — <link />

            <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles/site.css" />

link is used to reference a CSS stylesheet, a separate document that contains style rules to apply to the HTML document

HTML Purpose

• Gives structure and meaning to our content

Think about three aspects of structure:

1. HTML document structure
   html, head, body
2. Web page structure
   header, main, nav, footer
3. Content structure
   Headings (h1, h2, h3), lists (ul and li), paragraphs (p), images (img), text, etc.

Example: solarsystem.html

HTML Document Structure

• html
  • head
    • title
    • meta
  • body

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>Document Title</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <!-- content goes here -->
  </body>
</html>

Web Page Structure: header, main, footer

MDN HTML elements reference: header, main, footer.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>Document Title</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <header> <!-- page header --> </header>
    <main> <!-- main content goes here --> </main>
    <footer> <!-- page footer --> </footer>
  </body>
</html>

Wait a minute — head and header?

Yes, there are "head" and "header" elements.

They are different!

head

Used in all HTML documents as part of the essential HTML document structure. head contains information for your browser about the web page. Not for human consumption!

header

Used to group or define introductory portion of a web page, which is often consistent throughout the site. Header typically contains visual site title, navigation, etc. For web page content, think header, main, footer!

nav element - navigation

An example from WebAIM: Web Accessibility in Mind

<nav>
  <ul>
    <li><a href="services/">services</a></li>
    <li><a href="articles/">articles</a></li>
    <li><a href="resources/">resources</a></li>
    <li><a href="projects/">projects</a></li>
    <li><a href="community/">community</a></li>
  </ul>
</nav>

Common HTML5 Elements - Grouping Content

• article and section and div
• Paragraphs - p
• Lists
  • ul
  • li

article and section and div

• article — implies a "self-contained composition in a document".
• section — a generic section of a document
• div — has no special meaning at all

When to use each?

1. Self-contained with a heading? - use article
2. Not self-contained but with a heading? - use section
3. Otherwise, use div

p and div elements

p element

The p element is used to group paragraphs.

 <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.
 </p>
 <p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.
 </p>
 <p>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Ut a risus. Fusce bibendum sagittis magna.
 </p>

div element - division

The div element is to group block-level content, and is typically used to define parts of the page so that CSS rules can be applied specifically to those parts.

 <div class="part1">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.
 </div>
 <div class="part2">Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.
 </div>
 <div class="part3">Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Ut a risus. Fusce bibendum sagittis magna.
 </div>

div.part1 {margin: 1.5em; padding: 2em; color: white; background-color: green;}
div.part2 { color: purple; margin: 1em; padding: 2em; border: medium solid purple;}
div.part3 { background-color: orange; margin: 0.5em; padding: 1em; font-size: smaller;}

Lists - ul and li

Lists are very useful, both for:

• Content
• Navigation

There are three types of lists:

• Unordered (most common)
  ul and li
• Ordered
  ol and li
• Description (rare)
  dl, dt (description term), and dd (description detail)

 <ul>
   <li>Tea
   </li>
   <li>Bread
   </li>
   <li>Cheese
   </li>
   <li>Chips
   </li>
   <li>Ice Cream
   </li> </ul>

 <ul>
   <li>Tea
     <ul>
       <li>Kenya
       </li>
       <li>Sikkim
       </li>
       <li>Ceylon
       </li>
       <li>Assam
       </li>
       <li>Oolong
       </li>     </ul>
   </li>
   <li>Potato Chips
     <ul>
       <li>Dirty's
       </li>
       <li>Art's and Mary's
       </li>
       <li>Tim's Cascade
       </li>
       <li>Cape Cod
       </li>     </ul>
   </li> </ul>

 <ol>
   <li>Boil water
   </li>
   <li>Measure tea (approximately 1 tsp. per 6 oz. cup)
   </li>
   <li>Steep tea for 3 to 5 minutes
   </li>
   <li>Enjoy!
   </li>
 </ol>

 <dl>
   <dt>bread   </dt>
   <dd>a usually baked and leavened food made of a mixture whose basic constituent is flour or meal   </dd>
   <dt>butter   </dt>
   <dd>a solid emulsion of fat globules, air, and water made by churning milk or cream and used as food   </dd> </dl>

Nested Lists - li is a child of ul!

Keep in mind that the only allowed child of a ul element is an li element. So in a nested list, the nested ul needs to contained within the li:

<ul>
<li>Tea
    <ul>
        <li>Kenyan</li>
        <li>Sikkim</li>
        <li>Ceylon</li>
        <li>Assam</li>
        <li>Oolong</li>
    </ul>
</li>
<li>Potato Chips
    <ul>
        <li>Dirty&apos;s</li>
        <li>Art&apos;s and Mary&apos;s</li>
        <li>Tim&apos;s Cascade</li>
        <li>Cape Cod</li>
    </ul>
</li>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>Tea</li>
    <ul>
        <li>Kenyan</li>
        <li>Sikkim</li>
        <li>Ceylon</li>
        <li>Assam</li>
        <li>Oolong</li>
    </ul>

<li>Potato Chips</li>
    <ul>
        <li>Dirty&apos;s</li>
        <li>Art&apos;s and Mary&apos;s</li>
        <li>Tim&apos;s Cascade</li>
        <li>Cape Cod</li>
    </ul>
</ul>

Sometimes this is confusing, since in the "HTML" form of HTML5, the end tags are options for li, so while it may appear that you can have a ul as a child of ul, you really can't -- there's an implied end-tag there.

<ul>
<li>Tea
    <ul>
        <li>Kenyan
        <li>Sikkim
        <li>Ceylon
        <li>Assam
        <li>Oolong
    </ul>

<li>Potato Chips
    <ul>
        <li>Dirty&apos;s
        <li>Art&apos;s and Mary&apos;s
        <li>Tim&apos;s Cascade
        <li>Cape Cod
    </ul>

</ul>

<ul>
<li>Tea
    <ul>
        <li>Kenyan</li>
        <li>Sikkim</li>
        <li>Ceylon</li>
        <li>Assam</li>
        <li>Oolong</li>
    </ul>
</li>
<li>Potato Chips
    <ul>
        <li>Dirty&apos;s</li>
        <li>Art&apos;s and Mary&apos;s</li>
        <li>Tim&apos;s Cascade</li>
        <li>Cape Cod</li>
    </ul>
</li>
</ul>

Lists in Action

Harvard Homepage - lists are outlined in magenta and list items in green. Note that some lists are "horizontal" and some are "vertical" -- exactly how a list is rendered can be controlled by CSS

Top:

Footer:

Sections - Headings

Any single heading element wasn't technically only our "top" list, but collectively (h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6), these are important!

<h1>Primary Heading (1st)</h1>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>
<h2>Secondary Heading (2nd)</h2>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>
<h3>Tertiary Heading (3rd)</h3>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>
<h4>Quarternary Heading (4th)</h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>
<h5>Quinary Heading (5th level)</h5>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>
<h6>Senary Heading (6th level)</h6>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>

Headings and Lists In Action

Heading elements (h1,h2,etc.) and lists (ul,li) combined with CSS are very powerful. Headings can remain headings in markup and CSS can style them as desired. Lists can remain lists in markup (navigation, content items, etc.) and CSS can style them as desired.

Common HTML5 Elements - a element - anchor

The anchor — a — element is at the center of the key "hypertext" feature of the web. The a element is how to create hyperlinks from resource to another!

To go along with the a element is the href attribute. The value of the href attribute is the URL that the browser will load when the link is activated (e.g. a mouse click).

The following paragraph was taken from "'Sunshine vitamin' looks a little brighter", Harvard Gazette, February 5, 2013:

Code:

<p>Adequate levels of
  <a href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-d/NS_patient-vitamind">vitamin D</a>
  during young adulthood may reduce the risk of adult-onset
  <a href="http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-1/">type 1 diabetes</a>
  by as much as 50 percent, according to researchers at the
  <a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/">Harvard School of Public Health</a>
  (HSPH). If confirmed in future studies, the findings could lead to a role for vitamin D
  supplementation in preventing this serious autoimmune disease in adults.</p>

Rendered:

Creating Links

Build confidence by making your links predictable and differentiable.

• Predictable
  • Am I getting 'closer' to my goal?
• Differentiable
  • What is the difference between clicking here or clicking there?

• Do
  • Be descriptive
    • Link several words or a phrase, not just one or two words
    • Use "title" attribute to elaborate
• Do Not
  • Lie or Mislead
  • "Click Here"
  • Find out more in this knowledge base article

Common HTML5 Elements - Text Level Semantics

• a
• span
• br

span element

The span element is a cousin to the div element -- in that it is used primarily for styling purposes, except that it is geared towards "inline" content.

 <div class="citation">
   <span class="author">Berners‐Lee, Tim   </span>.
   <span class="title">
     <a href="https://canvas.harvard.edu/courses/111899/files/search?preview=15509429">We Need a Magna Carta for the Internet     </a>   </span>
   <span class="journal">New Perspectives Quarterly   </span>31.3 (2014): 39-41. Web.
 </div>

.citation .journal { font-style: italic; }
.citation span.title::before { content: '"';}
.citation span.title::after { content: '." ';}

See: Inline elements and Block elements from MDN (Mozilla Developer Network)

Line Breaks and white space characters (br element)

Since "white space" characters are ignored in rendering HTML, the br element is used for explicit line breaks.

Examples below are from the first part of Paul Revere's Ride by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

 <p style="background-color: #ffc">Using br for line breaks:
 </p>
 <p>Listen, my children, and you shall hear
   <br/>
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere,
   <br/>
On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five:
   <br/>
Hardly a man is now alive
   <br/>
Who remembers that famous day and year.
 </p>
 <p style="background-color: #ffc">Line breaks and spaces in HTML code don't render...(exception below):
 </p>
 <p>Listen, my children, and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five: Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year.
 </p>
 <p style="background-color: #ffc">...except in the "pre" (preformatted) element:
 </p>
 <pre>Listen, my children, and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five: Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year. </pre>

<p style="background-color: #ffc">You can use a non-breaking space (&amp;#160; or &amp;nbsp; character entities):</p>
<p>
Listen, my children, and you shall hear<br/>
&#160;&#160;&#160;Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere,<br/>
On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five:<br/>
&#160;&#160;&#160;Hardly a man is now alive<br/>
Who remembers that famous day and year.
</p>

Entities - what's this &name-or-number;?

• Entities in a markup language:
  • &amp; → &
  • &gt; → >
  • &lt; → <
  • &quot; → "
  • &apos; → '
• Numeric Entities (Unicode character code charts from Unicode)
  • &#x25b0; → ▰
  • &#x03a9; → Ω
  • &#1f610; → ��
• Convenience Named Entities
  • &copy; → ©
  • &trade; → ™
  • &reg; → ®
  • &deg;C → °C

Common HTML5 Elements - Embedded content

• img element
• Key attributes
  • src
  • alt

img element

HTML documents do not contain the images themselves, but merely contain references to the images to be displayed. Common image file types are:

• GIF, Graphics Interchange Format, ".gif"
• JPEG, Joint Photographic Experts Group, ".jpg", ".jpeg"
• PNG, Portable Network Graphics, ".png"

 <img src="https://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/images/harvard-extension-school-shield.png" alt="Harvard University Extension School Shield" height="330" width="287"/>

 <a href="https://extension.harvard.edu/">
   <img src="https://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/images/harvard-extension-school-shield.png" alt="Harvard University Extension School Shield" height="330" width="287"/>
 </a>

Accessibility Principle: Provide text alternatives for non-text content.

The alt attribute is used to specify a short text alternative when using the img element.

Accessibility essentials:

• W3C Web Accessibility Initiative
  The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) develops strategies, guidelines, and resources to help make the Web accessible to people with disabilities.
• Accessibility - W3C
  The first place to start for a short introduction to Web accessibility.
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 at a Glance.

The power of the Web is in its universality.
Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect.
Tim Berners-Lee, W3C Director and inventor of the World Wide Web

WAVE - Accessibility Evaluation Tool

• WebAIM
• WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool

Section-level elements

HTML5 defines elements that can be used to represent sections:

• body - represents the content of the document
• h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 - headings for sections
• New section-level elements in HTML5
  • main - represents the main content on the page
  • header - represents a group of introductory or navigational aids
  • footer - represents a footer for its section
  • nav - represents a section with navigation links
  • aside - tangentially related (analagous to a sidebar for printed material)
  • article - represents a self-contained composition within a document
  • section - a generic section of a document

See: Usage Summary for Section Elements

Parts of a Page

• body
• header
• footer
• nav
• main

header

footer

nav

Workflow

(Edit, Save, Browser Check, [Validation Check]) × repeat

Note: Live Server extension in VS Code will help!

Assignments

1. Download ZIP, unzip or extract, move to designated work area
2. (Edit, Save, Browser Check, [Validation Check]) x repeat
3. Decide when you are finished and ready to submit
   1. Publish to course web server:
      1. Connect to Harvard VPN through Cisco AnyConnect app
      2. Cyberduck (SFTP program)
      3. connect
      4. navigate to
         public_html/[YOUR OBSCURE FOLDER]
      5. copy local assignment folder to server
      6. check in browser
         https://NETID.cs12students.dce.harvard.edu/[Your Obscure Folder]/[assignment path]/
      7. From your browser, copy the URL of the assignment folder that you just published and submit in Canvas
   2. Submit ZIP file
      1. ZIP assignment folder up
      2. Submit ZIP file in Canvas

Version Control

Some basics

• Version Control System (VCS) or Source Control Management (SCM)
  • What changed?
  • When?
  • Who?
  • Why?
• Git and GitHub

Experiment Fearlessly with Branches

Start Using Git

• Github Guides, including Hello World
• Try Git

Git Tools

• Github Desktop

Remote Repositories - GitHub and code.harvard (Harvard's GitHub)

• github.com
• code.harvard.edu

Recommendation to Start for those new to Git!

• Github desktop
• Use "main" branch only to start

What about: <meta charset="utf-8">

• Character Sets -- the problem
• Unicode
  • Encodings

Character Sets and Encoding

Character Sets

Unicode and utf-8

What is Unicode?

Unicode provides a unique number for every character,
no matter what the platform,
no matter what the program,
no matter what the language.

from What is Unicode?, The Unicode Consortium

Different Encodings for Unicode

Letter/characters maps to a "code point". Different ways of arranging the bytes to represent the code points.

• utf-8: variable-length (1 to 4 bytes; characters 0-127 are all one byte)
• utf-16: variable-length (2 or 4 bytes; 1 or 2 2-byte unit)
• utf-32: fixed-length (4 bytes)

Want more? See:

• What is Unicode?
• The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets (No Excuses!) by Joel Spolsky
• And similarly titled, but different -
  What Every Programmer Absolutely, Positively Needs To Know About Encodings And Character Sets To Work With Text

Character Sets and Encoding

Character Sets