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Session 05 - CSS Layout, Frameworks, and Preprocessors

Harvard Extension School  
Fall 2019

Course Web Site: http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/

Instructor email: david_heitmeyer@harvard.edu
Course staff email: cscie12@dce.harvard.edu

Topics

  1. Fonts
  2. CSS Normalize and Reset
  3. CSS and Layouts
  4. Responsive Layouts
  5. CSS Frameworks
  6. CSS Preprocessors

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Fonts

Two ways to deal with fonts:

Note:

More resources:

Font - @font-face

Typically used for fonts that are served from your web server.

@font-face {
  font-family:Capture;
  src:url('resources/fonts/Capture_it.ttf');
  /* could have multiple src properties that reference
     different font formats */
}

h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
  font-weight:400;
  font-family:Capture, sans-serif;
}

h1 {
  font-size:5em;
}

h2 {
  font-size:3em;
}

body {
  font-family:Georgia, serif;
}

web font

Font - Include through link element

Using a link element to include CSS with @font-face definitions is how some font hosting services recommend including their fonts. Google Fonts does this.

The server delivering the fonts does browser detection and delivers the CSS file with the appropriate font format.

Note that we are having using two Google Fonts -- Cabin Sketch and Cabin.

<link rel="stylesheet" 
  href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Cabin+Sketch|Cabin" 
  type="text/css" />

Our CSS:

h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
  font-family:"Cabin Sketch", sans-serif;
}

h1 {
  font-size:3em;
}

h2 {
  font-size:2em;
}

body {
  font-family: Cabin, serif;
}

web font

Note that nothing magical is going on here -- Google is simply returning CSS that uses @font-face with the font format appropriate for the browser making the request.

/* latin */
@font-face {
  font-family: 'Cabin';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 400;
  src: local('Cabin Regular'), local('Cabin-Regular'), url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cabin/v8/4VMQLG5UaE3m5rr_emmAqaCWcynf_cDxXwCLxiixG1c.woff2) format('woff2');
  unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2212, U+2215, U+E0FF, U+EFFD, U+F000;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
  font-family: 'Cabin Sketch';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 400;
  src: local('Cabin Sketch Regular'), local('CabinSketch-Regular'), url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cabinsketch/v8/d9fijO34zQajqQvl3YHRCRampu5_7CjHW5spxoeN3Vs.woff2) format('woff2');
  unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2212, U+2215, U+E0FF, U+EFFD, U+F000;
}

Font - Include through JavaScript

This is how some font hosting services have you include their fonts, including Adobe Edge Web Fonts.

The JavaScript does browser detection and then inserts the needed Markup/CSS into the page to include the fonts.

script element to include JavaScript:

<script src="//use.edgefonts.net/stencil-std.js"> </script>

Our CSS:

h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
  font-weight:400;
  font-family:"stencil-std", sans-serif;
}

h1 {
  font-size:3em;
}

h2 {
  font-size:2em;
}

body {
  font-family: Georgia, serif;
}

web font

Fonts

Free

Licensed

CSS Normalize and Reset

Two approaches:

CSS "Reset"

Sometimes it is useful to use a CSS stylesheet to "reset" styling for all elements. This attempts to start your styling with a "blank slate" instead of the browser defaults.

Basic Markup:
reset

With CSS Reset:
reset

CSS from Eric Meyer for "Reset"

/* http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/ 
   v2.0 | 20110126
   License: none (public domain)
*/
html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe,
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre,
a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code,
del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp,
small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var,
b, u, i, center,
dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li,
fieldset, form, label, legend,
table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td,
article, aside, canvas, details, embed, 
figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup, 
menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary,
time, mark, audio, video {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  border: 0;
  font-size: 100%;
  font: inherit;
  vertical-align: baseline;
}
/* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */
article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, 
footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section {
  display: block;
}
body {
  line-height: 1;
}
ol, ul {
  list-style: none;
}
blockquote, q {
  quotes: none;
}
blockquote:before, blockquote:after,
q:before, q:after {
  content: '';
  content: none;
}
table {
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border-spacing: 0;
}

CSS Normalize

normalize css in use

CSS and Layouts

CSS for Page Layout: Fixed Width

Define region widths based upon fixed sizes (pixels).

Use "div" elements to define areas and CSS to arrange them on the page.

<div id="wrapper">
  <div id="header"> ... </div>
  <div id="maincontent">
    ...
  </div>
  <div id="navigation">
    ...
  </div>
  <div id="footer"> ... </div>
</div>

layout

layout

Example 5.1 - CSS Page Layout: Fixed Width - Example 5.1 (Without Styles)
 <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
<p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
<p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi.</p>
</div><div id="navigation"><ul>
<li>Mauris</li>
<li>Cras</li>
<li>Proin</li>
<li>Integer</li>
<li>Curabitur</li>
<li>Integer</li>
<li>Suspendisse</li>
<li>Quisque</li>
</ul></div><div id="footer">Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.</div></div>

In style element (<style type="text/css">) within head element: 

#wrapper { 
    width: 750px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    }
#header { 
    width: 100%; 
    background-color: #ccc; 
    } 
#footer {
    clear: both; 
    background-color: #ccf; 
    }
#navigation {
    width: 160px; 
    float: left;
    background-color: #fcc;
    } 
#maincontent {
    width: 540px;
    float: right;
    background-color: #cfc;
}
 

Fluid / Liquid Layouts

Define region width based on percentages (relative to browser window width).

<div id="wrapper">
  <div id="header"> ... </div>
  <div id="maincontent">
    ...
  </div>
  <div id="navigation">
    ...
  </div>
  <div id="footer"> ... </div>
</div>

layout

Example 5.2 - CSS Page Layout: Liquid - Example 5.2 (Without Styles)
 <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
<p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
<p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi.</p>
</div><div id="navigation"><ul>
<li>Mauris</li>
<li>Cras</li>
<li>Proin</li>
<li>Integer</li>
<li>Curabitur</li>
<li>Integer</li>
<li>Suspendisse</li>
<li>Quisque</li>
</ul></div><div id="footer">Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.</div></div>

In style element (<style type="text/css">) within head element: 

#wrapper { 
    width: 90%;
    margin: 0 auto;
    }
#header { 
    width: 100%; 
    background-color: #ccc; 
    } 
#footer {
    clear: both; 
    background-color: #ccf; 
    }
#navigation {
    width: 30%; 
    float: left;
    background-color: #fcc;
    } 
#maincontent {
    width: 70%;
    float: right;
    background-color: #cfc;
}
 

Elastic Layouts

Define region widths (and margin and padding) in "em" units (relative to font size).

layout

Example 5.3 - CSS Page Layout: Elastic - Example 5.3 (Without Styles)
 <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
<p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
<p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi.</p>
</div><div id="navigation"><ul>
<li>Mauris</li>
<li>Cras</li>
<li>Proin</li>
<li>Integer</li>
<li>Curabitur</li>
<li>Integer</li>
<li>Suspendisse</li>
<li>Quisque</li>
</ul></div><div id="footer">Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.</div></div>

In style element (<style type="text/css">) within head element: 

 body { 
    font-family: Lucida Grande, Verdana, serif;
    }
#wrapper { 
    width: 45em;
    margin: 0 auto;
    border: medium solid black;
    }
#header { 
    width: 44em;
    padding: 0.5em;
    background-color: #ccc; 
    } 
#footer {
    width: 44em;
    padding: 0.5em;
    clear: both; 
    background-color: #ccf; 
    }
#navigation {
    width: 13em;
    padding: 0.5em; 
    float: left;
    background-color: #fcc;
    } 
#maincontent {
    width: 30em;
    padding: 0.5em;
    float: right;
    background-color: #cfc;
}
 

More complex layouts

header, footer, navigation, primary content, secondary content

layout

layout

Example 5.4 - CSS Page Layout: 3 columns - Example 5.4 (Without Styles)
 <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><div id="primary"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
<p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
<p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi.</p>
</div><div id="secondary"><p>Fusce scelerisque viverra quam. Nam urna. Nullam urna libero, euismod at, euismod sit amet, porttitor ac, mauris.</p>
<p>Vestibulum interdum aliquet lacus. Vestibulum egestas. Fusce adipiscing quam sed metus.</p>
<p>Nullam dignissim aliquam dui. Proin laoreet, elit sed pulvinar sollicitudin, urna arcu fermentum felis, in rhoncus nunc neque vitae libero.</p>
</div></div><div id="navigation"><ul>
<li>Mauris</li>
<li>Cras</li>
<li>Proin</li>
<li>Integer</li>
<li>Curabitur</li>
<li>Integer</li>
<li>Suspendisse</li>
<li>Quisque</li>
</ul></div><div id="footer">Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.</div></div>

In style element (<style type="text/css">) within head element: 

#wrapper { 
    width: 750px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    }
#header { 
    width: 100%; 
    background-color: #fcf; 
    } 
#footer {
    clear: both; 
    background-color: #ffc; 
    }
#navigation {
    width: 160px; 
    float: left;
    background-color: #fcc;
    }
#maincontent {
    width: 590px;
    float: right;
        }
#primary {
    width: 400px;
    float: left;
    background-color: #cfc;
}
#secondary {
   width: 190px;
   float: right;
   background-color: #cff;       
}
 

Responsive Layouts

Site is "responsive" to different devices.

devices

CSS media query:

/* Larger than mobile */
@media (min-width: 400px) { /* specific rules go here */ }

/* Larger than phablet (also point when grid becomes active) */
@media (min-width: 550px) { /* specific rules go here */ }

/* Larger than tablet */
@media (min-width: 750px) { /* specific rules go here */ }

/* Larger than desktop */
@media (min-width: 1000px) { /* specific rules go here */ }

/* Larger than Desktop HD */
@media (min-width: 1200px) { /* specific rules go here */ }

Responsive Web Design: CSS Media Query

Media queries can be used to include style sheets (media attribute) or in CSS rules (@media rule) or @import statement

Link to stylesheet

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
  media="screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
  href="smallscreen.css" />

CSS rule

@media screen and (max-device-width: 480px) {
  /* rules for small screens */
  .column { float: none; }
}

@import statement

@import url('smallscreen.css') screen and (max-device-width: 480px);

responsive wide screen

responsive medium screen

responsive small screen

Responsive Web Design

Book: Responsive Web Design

CSS Frameworks

What Is a Framework?
“Framework” is a broad term, often misunderstood. Conceptually, a framework in the web development sense can be likened to a library: a library not of books but of design patterns, complete with all needed functionality.
Why Frameworks?
Frameworks promise to save both development and design time. The thinking goes that many of the things site owners and develop‐ ers want have been done a thousand times, and thus there is no need to reinvent the wheel.

little book of css frameworksThe Little Book of HTML/CSS Frameworks,
PDF - The Little Book of HTML/CSS Frameworks

First a Refresher

Multiple Clases

Using Multiple Classes

CSS Reset and Normalize

CSS Frameworks

Page Layout

CSS Preprocessors

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Copyright © David Heitmeyer