Session 02 - Markup (HTML)

Topics

1. File and Folder Management
2. URLs
3. HTML, CSS, JavaScript
4. HTML Introduction
5. Essential HTML5 Document Structure
6. Markup Evolution and Standards
7. HTML and XML Syntax for HTML5 — What's the Difference?
8. HTML5
9. Wait a minute — head and header?
10. Common HTML5 Elements - Grouping Content
11. Lists - ul and li
12. Common HTML5 Elements - a element - anchor
13. Common HTML5 Elements - Text Level Semantics
14. Entities - what's this &name-or-number;?
15. Common HTML5 Elements - Embedded content
16. WAVE - Accessibility Evaluation Tool
17. Section-level elements
18. Workflow
19. Version Control
20. <meta charset="utf-8">

Session 02 - Markup (HTML), slide1
File and Folder Management, slide2
File and Folder Structure for Web Sites, slide3
URLs, slide4
HTML, CSS, JavaScript, slide5
Markup (HTML) + Styles (CSS) + Scripts (JavaScript), slide6
HTML Introduction, slide7
Markup - HTML, slide8
Essential HTML5 Document Structure, slide9
HTML Elements - the basic building blocks structure, slide10
HTML Elements - the basic building block structure, slide11
HTML Elements - Content can be other HTML elements, slide12
HTML Elements - Sometimes you will have more than one attribute, slide13
HTML Elements - Sometimes elements have no content; they are "empty", slide14
HTML Elements - Sometimes HTML allows you to leave off end tags, slide15
Markup Evolution and Standards, slide16
Benefits of Web Standards, slide17
HTML and XML Syntax for HTML5 — What's the Difference?, slide18
A Tale of Two Documents, slide19
HTML Elements - the basic building block structure, slide20
HTML Elements - Content can be other HTML elements, slide21
HTML5, slide22
Most commonly used or seen elements, slide23
Page Structure - header, main, footer, slide24
An improved HTML5 document template, slide25
HTML5 Elements - Page Structure, slide26
Wait a minute — head and header?, slide27
Common HTML5 Elements - Grouping Content, slide28
article and section and div, slide29
p and div elements, slide30
Harvard Extension School Homepage and div elements, slide31
Lists - ul and li, slide32
Nested Lists - li is a child of ul!, slide33
Lists in Action, slide34
Sections - Headings, slide35
Headings and Lists In Action, slide36
Common HTML5 Elements - a element - anchor, slide37
Creating Links, slide38
Common HTML5 Elements - Text Level Semantics, slide39
span element, slide40
Line Breaks and white space characters (br element), slide41
Entities - what's this &name-or-number;?, slide42
Common HTML5 Elements - Embedded content, slide43
Accessibility Principle: Provide text alternatives for non-text content., slide44
WAVE - Accessibility Evaluation Tool, slide45
Section-level elements, slide46
Parts of a Page, slide47
Workflow, slide48
Version Control, slide49
<meta charset="utf-8">, slide50
Character Sets and Encoding, slide51
Unicode, slide52

Presentation contains 52 slides

File and Folder Management

For Your Class Work

• Create a directory or folder for your class work.
• Create a "playground" or "sandbox" folder where you can play in and experiment in without worrying about messing up anything assignment related.
• Assignments - unzip/extract the materials, then move into your class work folder
  • Tip: don't work out of your "Downloads" folder!
  • Be aware of potential nested folder structure when unzipping, particularly on Windows. For example, a "hello" folder within a "hello" folder.

File and Folder Structure for Web Sites

• Use folders or directories to help organize files. Recommendation is to adopt folder names of styles (for CSS files), scripts (for JavaScript files), and images (for images).

  .
  ├── images/
  ├── index.html
  ├── scripts/
  └── styles
      └── site.css

• Use index.html filename as appropriate
• Prefer filenames that only have lowercase, numeric, underscore or dashes (e.g. avoid spaces, and other things like !@#$%^&*(){}\|?/>)

URLs

URL
https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/voting-rights-act

• Scheme also known as "protocol"
  https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/voting-rights-act
• Host also known as "authority"
  https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/voting-rights-act
• Path
  https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/voting-rights-act

HTML, CSS, JavaScript

Markup (HTML) + Styles (CSS) + Scripts (JavaScript)

HTML Introduction

Markup - HTML

The Code

• My Schools

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <title>My Schools</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>My Schools</h1>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a><br/>
        <img src="images/harvard-shield.png" alt="Harvard Shield" />
      </li>
      <li>
        <a href="https://www.ku.edu/">University of Kansas</a><br/>
        <img src="images/kansas-jayhawk.png" alt="University of Kansas Jayhawk" />
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>

How a Browser Displays It

How Your Browser Thinks About It

Essential HTML5 Document Structure

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>Document Title</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <!-- content goes here -->
  </body>
</html>

• html
  • head
    • meta
    • title
  • body

HTML Elements - the basic building blocks structure

• Start Tag
  • Element Name
  • Attribute and Value Pairs
• Content
• End Tag

A Hypertext Link

Markup for a Hypertext link:

How it would render in a web browser:

Start Tag
<a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

Element Name
<a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

Attribute
<a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

Attribute Value
<a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

Content
<a href="htts://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

End Tag
<a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

HTML Elements - the basic building block structure

• Start Tag
  • Element Name
  • Attribute and Value Pairs
• Content
• End Tag

HTML Elements - Content can be other HTML elements

<ul>
            <li>Tea</li>
            <li>Coffee</li><li>Water</li>
          </ul>

HTML Elements - Sometimes you will have more than one attribute

<img src="images/kitten.jpg" alt="Cute kitten playing wih a ball of yarn" />

HTML Elements - Sometimes elements have no content; they are "empty"

Note the "end tag" is part of the "start tag" -- <link />

              <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles/site.css" />

HTML Elements - Sometimes HTML allows you to leave off end tags

  <ul>
  <li>Tea
  <li>Coffee
    <li>Water
</ul>

              <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles/site.css" >

In these cases the "end tags" are "implied" because of what follows.

Learning tip: Always use end tags!

Markup Evolution and Standards

Main points:

• HTML5 now and into future
• Two syntax ways of writing HTML5 code —
  • "XML" way
  • "HTML" or "SGML" way

Benefits of Web Standards

HTML and XML Syntax for HTML5 — What's the Difference?

Main differences between HTML and XML syntax:

<ul>
    <li>coffee
    <li>tea
    <li>water
</ul>

<ul>
    <li>coffee</li>
    <li>tea</li>
    <li>water</li>
</ul>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
<title>My Document</title>
<body>
<h1>My Document</h1>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>My Document</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>My Document</h1>
  </body>
</html>

Best Practices for Starting Out

• Use start and end tags, even if optional
• Lower case element and attribute names
• Use quotes around attribute values
• Preference note: David prefers the "XML" syntax, but that's a preference, not a mandate; also it is a preference not shared by everyone.

A Tale of Two Documents

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <title>My Document</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
</head>
<body>
    <h1>My Document</h1>
    <ul>
        <li>coffee</li>
        <li>tea</li>
    </ul>
    <img src="images/mug.jpg" alt="mug" />
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<HEAD>
    <TITLE>My Document</TITLE>
    <META CHARSET=utf-8 >
<BODY>
    <H1>My Document</H1>
    <UL>
        <LI>coffee
        <LI>tea
    </UL>
    <IMG SRC=images/mug.jpg ALT=Mug >

Cleaner version of SGML/HTML Syntax

Again, XML syntax is preferred!

Of course, you can use the SGML/HTML syntax and write HTML that looks better. Just because the syntax allows you shorten things and leave out things, doesn't mean you have to.
Like this:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <title>My Document</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8" >
</head>
<body>
    <h1>My Document</h1>
    <ul>
        <li>coffee
        <li>tea
    </ul>
    <img src="images/mug.jpg" alt="Mug" >
</body>
</html>

• Markup Document (SGML/HTML syntax)
• Validate with Nu Html Checker

HTML Elements - the basic building block structure

• Start Tag
  • Element Name
  • Attribute and Value Pairs
• Content
• End Tag

HTML Elements - Content can be other HTML elements

<ul>
            <li>Tea</li>
            <li>Coffee</li><li>Water</li>
          </ul>

HTML5

116 elements defined in HTML5

More information: HTML5 Living Standard from the WHATWG. Section 4 contains the List of elements in HTML.

I've highlighted the 24 elements that you will use and/or see most commonly.

Most commonly used or seen elements

Start with these 24 — these are elements you will use in most of your web pages, or that you'll find in a majority of web pages.

Learning about HTML elements

How to find out more about them? Two places that I would start are:

• MDN Web Docs: HTML elements reference
  For example:
  • h1 to h6
  • img
• HTML Living Standard (WHATWG).
  For example:
  • html
  • a

Page Structure - header, main, footer

First, recall the basic document structure:

• html
  • head
    • title
    • meta
  • body

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>Document Title</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <!-- content goes here -->
  </body>
</html>

header, main, footer

MDN HTML elements reference: header, main, footer.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>Document Title</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <header> <!-- page header --> </header>
    <main> <!-- main content goes here --> </main>
    <footer> <!-- page footer --> </footer>
  </body>
</html>

An improved HTML5 document template

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>Document Title</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <header> <!-- page header --> </header>
    <main> <!-- main content goes here --> </main>
    <footer> <!-- page footer --> </footer>
  </body>
</html>

HTML5 Elements - Page Structure

header, main, footer, nav

Wait a minute — head and header?

Yes, there are "head" and "header" elements.

They are different!

head

Used in all HTML documents as part of the essential HTML document structure. head contains information for your browser about the web page. Not for human consumption!

header

Used to group or define introductory portion of a web page, which is often consistent throughout the site. Header typically contains visual site title, navigation, etc. For web page content, think header, main, footer!

Common HTML5 Elements - Grouping Content

• article and section
• Paragraphs - p
• Lists
  • ul
  • li

article and section and div

• article — implies a "self-contained composition in a document".
• section — a generic section of a document
• div — has no special meaning at all

p and div elements

p element

The p element is used to group paragraphs.

 <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.
 </p>
 <p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.
 </p>
 <p>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Ut a risus. Fusce bibendum sagittis magna.
 </p>

div element - division

The div element is to group block-level content, and is typically used to define parts of the page so that CSS rules can be applied specifically to those parts.

 <div class="part1">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.
 </div>
 <div class="part2">Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.
 </div>
 <div class="part3">Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Ut a risus. Fusce bibendum sagittis magna.
 </div>

div.part1 {margin: 1.5em; padding: 2em; color: white; background-color: green;}
div.part2 { color: purple; margin: 1em; padding: 2em; border: medium solid purple;}
div.part3 { background-color: orange; margin: 0.5em; padding: 1em; font-size: smaller;}

Harvard Extension School Homepage and div elements

Lists - ul and li

Lists are very useful, both for:

• Content
• Navigation

There are three types of lists:

• Unordered (most common)
  ul and li
• Ordered
  ol and li
• Description (rare)
  dl, dt (description term), and dd (description detail)

 <ul>
   <li>Tea
   </li>
   <li>Bread
   </li>
   <li>Cheese
   </li>
   <li>Chips
   </li>
   <li>Ice Cream
   </li> </ul>

 <ul>
   <li>Tea
     <ul>
       <li>Kenya
       </li>
       <li>Sikkim
       </li>
       <li>Ceylon
       </li>
       <li>Assam
       </li>
       <li>Oolong
       </li>     </ul>
   </li>
   <li>Potato Chips
     <ul>
       <li>Dirty's
       </li>
       <li>Art's and Mary's
       </li>
       <li>Tim's Cascade
       </li>
       <li>Cape Cod
       </li>     </ul>
   </li> </ul>

 <ol>
   <li>Boil water
   </li>
   <li>Measure tea (approximately 1 tsp. per 6 oz. cup)
   </li>
   <li>Steep tea for 3 to 5 minutes
   </li>
   <li>Enjoy!
   </li>
 </ol>

 <dl>
   <dt>bread   </dt>
   <dd>a usually baked and leavened food made of a mixture whose basic constituent is flour or meal   </dd>
   <dt>butter   </dt>
   <dd>a solid emulsion of fat globules, air, and water made by churning milk or cream and used as food   </dd> </dl>

Nested Lists - li is a child of ul!

Keep in mind that the only allowed child of a ul element is an li element. So in a nested list, the nested ul needs to contained within the li:

<ul>
<li>Tea
    <ul>
        <li>Kenyan</li>
        <li>Sikkim</li>
        <li>Ceylon</li>
        <li>Assam</li>
        <li>Oolong</li>
    </ul>
</li>
<li>Potato Chips
    <ul>
        <li>Dirty&apos;s</li>
        <li>Art&apos;s and Mary&apos;s</li>
        <li>Tim&apos;s Cascade</li>
        <li>Cape Cod</li>
    </ul>
</li>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>Tea</li>
    <ul>
        <li>Kenyan</li>
        <li>Sikkim</li>
        <li>Ceylon</li>
        <li>Assam</li>
        <li>Oolong</li>
    </ul>

<li>Potato Chips</li>
    <ul>
        <li>Dirty&apos;s</li>
        <li>Art&apos;s and Mary&apos;s</li>
        <li>Tim&apos;s Cascade</li>
        <li>Cape Cod</li>
    </ul>
</ul>

Sometimes this is confusing, since in the "HTML" form of HTML5, the end tags are options for li, so while it may appear that you can have a ul as a child of ul, you really can't -- there's an implied end-tag there.

<ul>
<li>Tea
    <ul>
        <li>Kenyan
        <li>Sikkim
        <li>Ceylon
        <li>Assam
        <li>Oolong
    </ul>

<li>Potato Chips
    <ul>
        <li>Dirty&apos;s
        <li>Art&apos;s and Mary&apos;s
        <li>Tim&apos;s Cascade
        <li>Cape Cod
    </ul>

</ul>

<ul>
<li>Tea
    <ul>
        <li>Kenyan</li>
        <li>Sikkim</li>
        <li>Ceylon</li>
        <li>Assam</li>
        <li>Oolong</li>
    </ul>
</li>
<li>Potato Chips
    <ul>
        <li>Dirty&apos;s</li>
        <li>Art&apos;s and Mary&apos;s</li>
        <li>Tim&apos;s Cascade</li>
        <li>Cape Cod</li>
    </ul>
</li>
</ul>

Lists in Action

Harvard Homepage - lists are outlined in magenta and list items in green. Note that some lists are "horizontal" and some are "vertical" -- exactly how a list is rendered can be controlled by CSS

Top:

Footer:

Sections - Headings

Any single heading element wasn't technically only our "top" list, but collectively (h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6), these are important!

Example in JSFiddle

<h1>Primary Heading (1st)</h1>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>
<h2>Secondary Heading (2nd)</h2>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>
<h3>Tertiary Heading (3rd)</h3>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>
<h4>Quarternary Heading (4th)</h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>
<h5>Quinary Heading (5th level)</h5>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>
<h6>Senary Heading (6th level)</h6>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit...</p>

Headings and Lists In Action

Heading elements (h1,h2,etc.) and lists (ul,li) combined with CSS are very powerful. Headings can remain headings in markup and CSS can style them as desired. Lists can remain lists in markup (navigation, content items, etc.) and CSS can style them as desired.

Common HTML5 Elements - a element - anchor

The anchor — a — element is at the center of the key "hypertext" feature of the web. The a element is how to create hyperlinks from resource to another!

To go along with the a element is the href attribute. The value of the href attribute is the URL that the browser will load when the link is activated (e.g. a mouse click).

The following paragraph was taken from "'Sunshine vitamin' looks a little brighter", Harvard Gazette, February 5, 2013:

Code:

<p>Adequate levels of
<a href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-d/NS_patient-vitamind">vitamin D</a>
during young adulthood may reduce the risk of adult-onset
<a href="http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-1/">type 1 diabetes</a>
by as much as 50 percent, according to researchers at the
<a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/">Harvard School of Public Health</a>
(HSPH). If confirmed in future studies, the findings could lead to a role for vitamin D
supplementation in preventing this serious autoimmune disease in adults.</p>

Rendered:

Creating Links

Build confidence by making your links predictable and differentiable.

• Predictable
  • Am I getting 'closer' to my goal?
• Differentiable
  • What is the difference between clicking here or clicking there?

• Do
  • Be descriptive
    • Link several words or a phrase, not just one or two words
    • Remember that the list of links in your page may be presented as a list of items for people using assistive technology.
• Do Not
  • Lie or Mislead
  • "Click Here"
  • Find out more in this knowledge base article

Common HTML5 Elements - Text Level Semantics

• a
• span
• br

span element

The span element is a cousin to the div element -- in that it is used primarily for styling purposes, except that it is geared towards "inline" content.

 <div class="citation">
   <span class="author">Berners‐Lee, Tim   </span>.
   <span class="title">
     <a href="https://canvas.harvard.edu/courses/95649/files?preview=12898083">We Need a Magna Carta for the Internet     </a>   </span>
   <span class="journal">New Perspectives Quarterly   </span>31.3 (2014): 39-41. Web.
 </div>

.citation .journal { font-style: italic; }
.citation span.title::before { content: '"';}
.citation span.title::after { content: '." ';}

See: Inline elements and Block elements from MDN (Mozilla Developer Network)

Line Breaks and white space characters (br element)

Since "white space" characters are ignored in rendering HTML, the br element is used for explicit line breaks.

Examples below are from the first part of Paul Revere's Ride by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

 <p style="background-color: #ffc">Using br for line breaks:
 </p>
 <p>Listen, my children, and you shall hear
   <br/>
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere,
   <br/>
On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five:
   <br/>
Hardly a man is now alive
   <br/>
Who remembers that famous day and year.
 </p>
 <p style="background-color: #ffc">Line breaks and spaces in HTML code don't render...(exception below):
 </p>
 <p>Listen, my children, and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five: Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year.
 </p>
 <p style="background-color: #ffc">...except in the "pre" (preformatted) element:
 </p>
 <pre>Listen, my children, and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five: Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year. </pre>

Listen, my children, and you shall hear
    Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere,
On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five:
    Hardly a man is now alive
Who remembers that famous day and year.

<p style="background-color: #ffc">You can use a non-breaking space (&amp;#160; or &amp;nbsp; character entities):</p>
<p>
Listen, my children, and you shall hear<br/>
&#160;&#160;&#160;Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere,<br/>
On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five:<br/>
&#160;&#160;&#160;Hardly a man is now alive<br/>
Who remembers that famous day and year.
</p>

Entities - what's this &name-or-number;?

• Entities in a markup language:
  • &amp; → &
  • &gt; → >
  • &lt; → <
  • &quot; → "
  • &apos; → '
• Numeric Entities (Unicode character code charts from Unicode)
  • &#x25b0; → ▰
  • &#x03a9; → Ω
  • &#1f610; → 😐
• Convenience Named Entities
  • &copy; → ©
  • &trade; → ™
  • &reg; → ®
  • &deg;C → °C

Common HTML5 Elements - Embedded content

• img element
• Key attributes
  • src
  • alt

img element

HTML documents do not contain the images themselves, but merely contain references to the images to be displayed. Common image file types are:

• GIF, Graphics Interchange Format, ".gif"
• JPEG, Joint Photographic Experts Group, ".jpg", ".jpeg"
• PNG, Portable Network Graphics, ".png"

• Markup
• Display

 <img src="https://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/images/harvard-extension-school-shield.png" alt="Harvard University Extension School Shield" height="330" width="287"/>

 

• Markup
• Display

 <a href="https://extension.harvard.edu/">
   <img src="https://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/images/harvard-extension-school-shield.png" alt="Harvard University Extension School Shield" height="330" width="287"/>
 </a>

 

Accessibility Principle: Provide text alternatives for non-text content.

The alt attribute is used to specify a short text alternative when using the img element.

Accessibility essentials:

• W3C Web Accessibility Initiative
  The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) develops strategies, guidelines, and resources to help make the Web accessible to people with disabilities.
• Accessibility - W3C
  The first place to start for a short introduction to Web accessibility.
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 at a Glance.

The power of the Web is in its universality.
Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect.
Tim Berners-Lee, W3C Director and inventor of the World Wide Web

WAVE - Accessibility Evaluation Tool

• WebAIM
• WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool

Section-level elements

HTML5 defines elements that can be used to represent sections:

• body - represents the content of the document
• h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 - headings for sections
• New section-level elements in HTML5
  • main - represents the main content on the page
  • header - represents a group of introductory or navigational aids
  • footer - represents a footer for its section
  • nav - represents a section with navigation links
  • aside - tangentially related (analagous to a sidebar for printed material)
  • article - represents a self-contained composition within a document
  • section - a generic section of a document

See: Usage Summary for Section Elements

Parts of a Page

• body
• header
• footer
• nav
• main

header

footer

nav

Workflow

(Edit, Save, Browser Check, [Validation Check]) × repeat

Note: Live Server extension in VS Code will help!

Assignments

1. Download ZIP, unzip or extract, move to designated work area
2. (Edit, Save, Browser Check, [Validation Check]) x repeat
3. Decide when you are finished and ready to submit
   1. Publish to course web server:
      1. Connect to Harvard VPN through Cisco AnyConnect app
      2. Cyberduck (SFTP program)
      3. connect
      4. navigate to
         public_html/[YOUR OBSCURE FOLDER]
      5. copy local assignment folder to server
      6. check in browser
         https://NETID.cs12students.dce.harvard.edu/[Your Obscure Folder]/[assignment path]/
      7. From your browser, copy the URL of the assignment folder that you just published and submit in Canvas
   2. Submit ZIP file
      1. ZIP assignment folder up
      2. Submit ZIP file in Canvas

Version Control

Some basics

• Version Control System (VCS) or Source Control Management (SCM)
  • What changed?
  • When?
  • Who?
  • Why?
• Git and GitHub

Experiment Fearlessly with Branches

Start Using Git

• Github Guides, including Hello World
• Try Git

Git Tools

• Github Desktop

Remote Repositories - GitHub and code.harvard (Harvard's GitHub)

• github.com
• code.harvard.edu

Recommendation to Start for those new to Git!

• Github desktop
• Use "main" branch only to start

<meta charset="utf-8">

• Character Sets -- the problem
• Unicode
  • Encodings

Character Sets and Encoding

Character Sets

Unicode

What is Unicode?

Unicode provides a unique number for every character,
no matter what the platform,
no matter what the program,
no matter what the language.

from What is Unicode?, The Unicode Consortium

Different Encodings for Unicode

Letter/characters maps to a "code point". Different ways of arranging the bytes to represent the code points.

• utf-8: variable-length (1 to 4 bytes; characters 0-127 are all one byte)
• utf-16: variable-length (2 or 4 bytes; 1 or 2 2-byte unit)
• utf-32: fixed-length (4 bytes)

Want more? See:

• What is Unicode?
• The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets (No Excuses!) by Joel Spolsky
• And similarly titled, but different -
  What Every Programmer Absolutely, Positively Needs To Know About Encodings And Character Sets To Work With Text