Harvard Extension School
CSCI E-12 Fundamentals of Web Site Development | Spring 2019

# Session 05 - CSS Layout, Frameworks, and Preprocessors

Harvard Extension School
Spring 2019

Course Web Site: http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/

Instructor email: david_heitmeyer@harvard.edu
Course staff email: cscie12@dce.harvard.edu

### Topics

1. Fonts
2. CSS Normalize and Reset
3. CSS and Layouts
4. Responsive Layouts
5. CSS Frameworks
6. CSS Preprocessors

slide1 slide2 slide3 slide4 slide5 slide6 slide7 slide8 slide9 slide10 slide11 slide12 slide13 slide14 slide15 slide16 slide17 slide18 slide19 slide20 slide21 slide22 slide23

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## Fonts

Two ways to deal with fonts:

- Rely on system fonts
- Use web fonts to deliver font definition as part of the resources loaded by a page
  - load the font definition
  - use in "font-family" CSS property

Note:

- hosted fonts or our fonts
- multiple ways of loading fonts
  - `@font-face` in CSS
  - `link` element in `head` of HTML
  - JavaScript
- multiple font formats
  - Web Open Font Format (WOFF and WOFF2)
    See: Can I use woff?
  - Embedded Open Type (EOT)
  - Open Type Font and True Type Font (OTF / TTF)
  - Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG / SVGZ)

More resources:

- Web Fonts: They're Awesome! from muledesign.com
- Using @font-face from css-tricks.com

## Font - @font-face

- Example: Web Font Using @font-face

Typically used for fonts that are served from your web server.

    @font-face {
      font-family:Capture;
      src:url('resources/fonts/Capture_it.ttf');
      /* could have multiple src properties that reference
         different font formats */
    }

    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
      font-weight:400;
      font-family:Capture, sans-serif;
    }

    h1 {
      font-size:5em;
    }

    h2 {
      font-size:3em;
    }

    body {
      font-family:Georgia, serif;
    }

## Font - Include through link element

Using a `link` element to include CSS with `@font-face` definitions is how some font hosting services recommend including their fonts. Google Fonts does this.

The server delivering the fonts does browser detection and delivers the CSS file with the appropriate font format.

- Example: Google Fonts

Note that we are having using two Google Fonts -- Cabin Sketch and Cabin.

    <link rel="stylesheet"
      href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Cabin+Sketch|Cabin"
      type="text/css" />

Our CSS:

    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
      font-family:"Cabin Sketch", sans-serif;
    }

    h1 {
      font-size:3em;
    }

    h2 {
      font-size:2em;
    }

    body {
      font-family: Cabin, serif;
    }

Note that nothing magical is going on here -- Google is simply returning CSS that uses `@font-face` with the font format appropriate for the browser making the request.

    /* latin */
    @font-face {
      font-family: 'Cabin';
      font-style: normal;
      font-weight: 400;
      src: local('Cabin Regular'), local('Cabin-Regular'), url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cabin/v8/4VMQLG5UaE3m5rr_emmAqaCWcynf_cDxXwCLxiixG1c.woff2) format('woff2');
      unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2212, U+2215, U+E0FF, U+EFFD, U+F000;
    }
    /* latin */
    @font-face {
      font-family: 'Cabin Sketch';
      font-style: normal;
      font-weight: 400;
      src: local('Cabin Sketch Regular'), local('CabinSketch-Regular'), url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cabinsketch/v8/d9fijO34zQajqQvl3YHRCRampu5_7CjHW5spxoeN3Vs.woff2) format('woff2');
      unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2212, U+2215, U+E0FF, U+EFFD, U+F000;
    }

## Font - Include through JavaScript

This is how some font hosting services have you include their fonts, including Adobe Edge Web Fonts.

The JavaScript does browser detection and then inserts the needed Markup/CSS into the page to include the fonts.

- Example: Adobe Edge Web Fonts

`script` element to include JavaScript:

    <script src="//use.edgefonts.net/stencil-std.js"> </script>

Our CSS:

    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
      font-weight:400;
      font-family:"stencil-std", sans-serif;
    }

    h1 {
      font-size:3em;
    }

    h2 {
      font-size:2em;
    }

    body {
      font-family: Georgia, serif;
    }

## Fonts

Free

- Google Fonts
- Adobe Edge Web Fonts
- Font Squirrel

Licensed

- Adobe Typekit
- Cloud Typography
- Plenty of others...

## CSS Normalize and Reset

Two approaches:

- CSS Reset: give yourself a "blank slate" to build upon; that is, effectively remove all browser default styles.
- CSS Normalize: give yourself consistency across browsers.

## CSS "Reset"

Sometimes it is useful to use a CSS stylesheet to "reset" styling for all elements. This attempts to start your styling with a "blank slate" instead of the browser defaults.

- Eric Meyer's Reset CSS

- Basic Markup
- Basic Markup with Eric Meyer CSS Reset

Basic Markup: | With CSS Reset:

## CSS from Eric Meyer for "Reset"

- Eric Meyer's Reset CSS

    /* http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/
       v2.0 | 20110126
       License: none (public domain)
    */
    html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe,
    h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre,
    a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code,
    del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp,
    small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var,
    b, u, i, center,
    dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li,
    fieldset, form, label, legend,
    table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td,
    article, aside, canvas, details, embed,
    figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup,
    menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary,
    time, mark, audio, video {
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      border: 0;
      font-size: 100%;
      font: inherit;
      vertical-align: baseline;
    }
    /* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */
    article, aside, details, figcaption, figure,
    footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section {
      display: block;
    }
    body {
      line-height: 1;
    }
    ol, ul {
      list-style: none;
    }
    blockquote, q {
      quotes: none;
    }
    blockquote:before, blockquote:after,
    q:before, q:after {
      content: '';
      content: none;
    }
    table {
      border-collapse: collapse;
      border-spacing: 0;
    }

## CSS Normalize

- normalize.css project
- normalize.css

- HTML Demo Page
- HTML Demo Page with normalize.css

## CSS and Layouts

- Fixed Width
  define width in pixels
- Fluid / Liquid / Elastic
  - Fluid / Liquid
    define widths in percentages (relative to browser window)
  - Elastic
    define widths in `em` units (relative to font-size)
- Responsive
  changes based upon browser window size

## CSS for Page Layout: Fixed Width

Define region widths based upon fixed sizes (pixels).

Use "div" elements to define areas and CSS to arrange them on the page.

    <div id="wrapper">
      <div id="header"> ... </div>
      <div id="maincontent">
        ...
      </div>
      <div id="navigation">
        ...
      </div>
      <div id="footer"> ... </div>
    </div>

Example 5.1 - CSS Page Layout: Fixed Width - Example 5.1 (Without Styles) | <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. </p><p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p><p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi. </p></div><div id="navigation"><ul><li>Mauris</li><li>Cras</li><li>Proin</li><li>Integer</li><li>Curabitur</li><li>Integer</li><li>Suspendisse</li><li>Quisque</li></ul></div><div id="footer"> Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. </div></div>#wrapper { width: 750px; margin: 0 auto; } #header { width: 100%; background-color: #ccc; } #footer { clear: both; background-color: #ccf; } #navigation { width: 160px; float: left; background-color: #fcc; } #maincontent { width: 540px; float: right; background-color: #cfc; }

- Markup
- Style

     <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
    <p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi.</p>
    </div><div id="navigation"><ul>
    <li>Mauris</li>
    <li>Cras</li>
    <li>Proin</li>
    <li>Integer</li>
    <li>Curabitur</li>
    <li>Integer</li>
    <li>Suspendisse</li>
    <li>Quisque</li>
    </ul></div><div id="footer">Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.</div></div>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    #wrapper {
        width: 750px;
        margin: 0 auto;
        }
    #header {
        width: 100%;
        background-color: #ccc;
        }
    #footer {
        clear: both;
        background-color: #ccf;
        }
    #navigation {
        width: 160px;
        float: left;
        background-color: #fcc;
        }
    #maincontent {
        width: 540px;
        float: right;
        background-color: #cfc;
    }

## Fluid / Liquid Layouts

Define region width based on percentages (relative to browser window width).

    <div id="wrapper">
      <div id="header"> ... </div>
      <div id="maincontent">
        ...
      </div>
      <div id="navigation">
        ...
      </div>
      <div id="footer"> ... </div>
    </div>

Example 5.2 - CSS Page Layout: Liquid - Example 5.2 (Without Styles) | <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. </p><p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p><p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi. </p></div><div id="navigation"><ul><li>Mauris</li><li>Cras</li><li>Proin</li><li>Integer</li><li>Curabitur</li><li>Integer</li><li>Suspendisse</li><li>Quisque</li></ul></div><div id="footer"> Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. </div></div>#wrapper { width: 90%; margin: 0 auto; } #header { width: 100%; background-color: #ccc; } #footer { clear: both; background-color: #ccf; } #navigation { width: 30%; float: left; background-color: #fcc; } #maincontent { width: 70%; float: right; background-color: #cfc; }

- Markup
- Style

     <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
    <p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi.</p>
    </div><div id="navigation"><ul>
    <li>Mauris</li>
    <li>Cras</li>
    <li>Proin</li>
    <li>Integer</li>
    <li>Curabitur</li>
    <li>Integer</li>
    <li>Suspendisse</li>
    <li>Quisque</li>
    </ul></div><div id="footer">Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.</div></div>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    #wrapper {
        width: 90%;
        margin: 0 auto;
        }
    #header {
        width: 100%;
        background-color: #ccc;
        }
    #footer {
        clear: both;
        background-color: #ccf;
        }
    #navigation {
        width: 30%;
        float: left;
        background-color: #fcc;
        }
    #maincontent {
        width: 70%;
        float: right;
        background-color: #cfc;
    }

## Elastic Layouts

Define region widths (and margin and padding) in "em" units (relative to font size).

Example 5.3 - CSS Page Layout: Elastic - Example 5.3 (Without Styles) | <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. </p><p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p><p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi. </p></div><div id="navigation"><ul><li>Mauris</li><li>Cras</li><li>Proin</li><li>Integer</li><li>Curabitur</li><li>Integer</li><li>Suspendisse</li><li>Quisque</li></ul></div><div id="footer"> Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. </div></div> body { font-family: Lucida Grande, Verdana, serif; } #wrapper { width: 45em; margin: 0 auto; border: medium solid black; } #header { width: 44em; padding: 0.5em; background-color: #ccc; } #footer { width: 44em; padding: 0.5em; clear: both; background-color: #ccf; } #navigation { width: 13em; padding: 0.5em; float: left; background-color: #fcc; } #maincontent { width: 30em; padding: 0.5em; float: right; background-color: #cfc; }

- Markup
- Style

     <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
    <p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi.</p>
    </div><div id="navigation"><ul>
    <li>Mauris</li>
    <li>Cras</li>
    <li>Proin</li>
    <li>Integer</li>
    <li>Curabitur</li>
    <li>Integer</li>
    <li>Suspendisse</li>
    <li>Quisque</li>
    </ul></div><div id="footer">Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.</div></div>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

     body {
        font-family: Lucida Grande, Verdana, serif;
        }
    #wrapper {
        width: 45em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        border: medium solid black;
        }
    #header {
        width: 44em;
        padding: 0.5em;
        background-color: #ccc;
        }
    #footer {
        width: 44em;
        padding: 0.5em;
        clear: both;
        background-color: #ccf;
        }
    #navigation {
        width: 13em;
        padding: 0.5em;
        float: left;
        background-color: #fcc;
        }
    #maincontent {
        width: 30em;
        padding: 0.5em;
        float: right;
        background-color: #cfc;
    }

## More complex layouts

header, footer, navigation, primary content, secondary content

Example 5.4 - CSS Page Layout: 3 columns - Example 5.4 (Without Styles) | <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><div id="primary"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. </p><p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p><p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi. </p></div><div id="secondary"><p>Fusce scelerisque viverra quam. Nam urna. Nullam urna libero, euismod at, euismod sit amet, porttitor ac, mauris.</p><p>Vestibulum interdum aliquet lacus. Vestibulum egestas. Fusce adipiscing quam sed metus.</p><p>Nullam dignissim aliquam dui. Proin laoreet, elit sed pulvinar sollicitudin, urna arcu fermentum felis, in rhoncus nunc neque vitae libero.</p></div></div><div id="navigation"><ul><li>Mauris</li><li>Cras</li><li>Proin</li><li>Integer</li><li>Curabitur</li><li>Integer</li><li>Suspendisse</li><li>Quisque</li></ul></div><div id="footer"> Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. </div></div>#wrapper { width: 750px; margin: 0 auto; } #header { width: 100%; background-color: #fcf; } #footer { clear: both; background-color: #ffc; } #navigation { width: 160px; float: left; background-color: #fcc; } #maincontent { width: 590px; float: right; } #primary { width: 400px; float: left; background-color: #cfc; } #secondary { width: 190px; float: right; background-color: #cff; }

- Markup
- Style

     <div id="wrapper"><div id="header"><h1>Lorem ipsum dolor sit</h1></div><div id="maincontent"><div id="primary"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <p>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
    <p>Nulla facilisi. Aliquam dapibus leo eget leo. Etiam vitae turpis sit amet massa posuere cursus. Sed vitae justo quis tortor facilisis ultrices. Integer id erat. Donec at felis ut erat interdum vestibulum. Quisque et eros. Donec fringilla, est in condimentum venenatis, tortor velit vehicula sem, in elementum quam sapien eu lectus. In dolor urna, ullamcorper vel, tempor sit amet, semper ut, felis. Praesent nisi.</p>
    </div><div id="secondary"><p>Fusce scelerisque viverra quam. Nam urna. Nullam urna libero, euismod at, euismod sit amet, porttitor ac, mauris.</p>
    <p>Vestibulum interdum aliquet lacus. Vestibulum egestas. Fusce adipiscing quam sed metus.</p>
    <p>Nullam dignissim aliquam dui. Proin laoreet, elit sed pulvinar sollicitudin, urna arcu fermentum felis, in rhoncus nunc neque vitae libero.</p>
    </div></div><div id="navigation"><ul>
    <li>Mauris</li>
    <li>Cras</li>
    <li>Proin</li>
    <li>Integer</li>
    <li>Curabitur</li>
    <li>Integer</li>
    <li>Suspendisse</li>
    <li>Quisque</li>
    </ul></div><div id="footer">Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.</div></div>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    #wrapper {
        width: 750px;
        margin: 0 auto;
        }
    #header {
        width: 100%;
        background-color: #fcf;
        }
    #footer {
        clear: both;
        background-color: #ffc;
        }
    #navigation {
        width: 160px;
        float: left;
        background-color: #fcc;
        }
    #maincontent {
        width: 590px;
        float: right;
            }
    #primary {
        width: 400px;
        float: left;
        background-color: #cfc;
    }
    #secondary {
       width: 190px;
       float: right;
       background-color: #cff;
    }

## Responsive Layouts

Site is "responsive" to different devices.

CSS media query:

    /* Larger than mobile */
    @media (min-width: 400px) { /* specific rules go here */ }

    /* Larger than phablet (also point when grid becomes active) */
    @media (min-width: 550px) { /* specific rules go here */ }

    /* Larger than tablet */
    @media (min-width: 750px) { /* specific rules go here */ }

    /* Larger than desktop */
    @media (min-width: 1000px) { /* specific rules go here */ }

    /* Larger than Desktop HD */
    @media (min-width: 1200px) { /* specific rules go here */ }

## Responsive Web Design: CSS Media Query

Media queries can be used to include style sheets (`media` attribute) or in CSS rules (`@media` rule) or `@import` statement

Link to stylesheet

    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
      media="screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
      href="smallscreen.css" />

CSS rule

    @media screen and (max-device-width: 480px) {
      /* rules for small screens */
      .column { float: none; }
    }

@import statement

    @import url('smallscreen.css') screen and (max-device-width: 480px);

- Responsive Web Design by Ethan Marcotte on A List Apart
- Live Example

## Responsive Web Design

- A Book Apart: Responsive Web Design
- Article: Responsive Web Design by Ethan Marcotte on A List Apart
- A List Apart: Responsive Design Articles

## CSS Frameworks

What Is a Framework?
  “Framework” is a broad term, often misunderstood. Conceptually, a framework in the web development sense can be likened to a library: a library not of books but of design patterns, complete with all needed functionality.
Why Frameworks?
  Frameworks promise to save both development and design time. The thinking goes that many of the things site owners and develop‐ ers want have been done a thousand times, and thus there is no need to reinvent the wheel.

The Little Book of HTML/CSS Frameworks,
PDF - The Little Book of HTML/CSS Frameworks

## First a Refresher

### Multiple Clases

Using Multiple Classes

### CSS Reset and Normalize

- Basic HTML
  Illustrates many common HTML elements on a single page.
  - basic.html
  - JS Fiddle
- CSS Normalize
  Normalize.css makes browsers render all elements more consistently and in line with modern standards. It precisely targets only the styles that need normalizing. Normalize.css is a project by Nicolas Gallagher, co-created with Jonathan Neal.
  - Basic HTML Page, normalize.css applied
  - JS Fiddle
- CSS Reset
  Uses Eric Meyer's Reset CSS. The effect of a CSS reset stylesheet applied is to effectively override the "default" styling applied by browsers.
  - Basic HTML Page, Eric Meyer CSS Reset applied
  - JS Fiddle

## CSS Frameworks

- Blueprint
  - blueprintcss.org
    Blueprint is a CSS framework, which aims to cut down on your development time. It gives you a solid foundation to build your project on top of, with an easy-to-use grid, sensible typography, useful plugins, and even a stylesheet for printing.
  - Basic HTML in Blueprint | JS Fiddle
  - Blueprint Sample Pages
- 960 Grid System
  - 960.gs
  - Basic HTML in 960 GS | JS Fiddle
- Unsemantic (Responsive successor to 960 GS)
  - unsemantic.com
  - Basic HTML in unsemantic | JS Fiddle
- Skeleton. Responsive CSS boilerplate.
  - getskeleton.com
  - Basic HTML in Skeleton
- Bootstrap
  Bootstrap is the most popular HTML, CSS, and JS framework for developing responsive, mobile first projects on the web.
  - getbootstrap.com
  - Basic HTML in Bootstrap | JS Fiddle
  - Bootstrap. Getting started. An overview of Bootstrap, how to download and use, basic templates and examples, and more.
    - Bootstrap: Getting Started
    - Bootstrap: CSS

## Page Layout

- Starting Page
- Layout with Blueprint
- Layout with 960 Grid System
- Layout with Bootstrap
- Layout with Bootstrap (fluid)
- Layout with Unsemantic
- Layout with Skeleton

## CSS Preprocessors

- Sass, CSS with superpowers
  - SCSS Hello World
  - SCSS Variables
  - Nesting
  - Mixins
  - @extend
  - Harvard Web Color Palette
- Less, Less is a CSS pre-processor, meaning that it extends the CSS language, adding features that allow variables, mixins, functions and many other techniques that allow you to make CSS that is more maintainable, themable and extendable.
  - Less - Hello World

Copyright © David Heitmeyer