Harvard Extension School
CSCI E-12 Fundamentals of Web Site Development | Fall 2019

# Session 04 - CSS

Harvard Extension School
Fall 2019

Course Web Site: http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/

Instructor email: david_heitmeyer@harvard.edu
Course staff email: cscie12@dce.harvard.edu

### Topics

1. Box Model or Block Model
2. Float
3. Backgrounds
4. Lists
5. CSS Selectors
6. CSS Colors
7. Best Practices
8. Multiple Stylesheets
9. The Cascade and Specificity
10. CSS media: screen and print

slide1 slide2 slide3 slide4 slide5 slide6 slide7 slide8 slide9 slide10 slide11 slide12 slide13 slide14 slide15 slide16 slide17 slide18 slide19 slide20 slide21 slide22 slide23 slide24 slide25 slide26 slide27 slide28 slide29 slide30 slide31 slide32 slide33 slide34 slide35 slide36 slide37 slide38 slide39 slide40 slide41 slide42

- img
- img
- img
- img
- img

## Box Model or Block Model

- margin
- border
- padding
- content

### A more detailed look:

Image from Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide, 3rd ed by Eric Meyer, published by O'Reilly

### In your browser

## margin, padding, border

- margin
  - margin-top
  - margin-right
  - margin-bottom
  - margin-left
  - margin (shorthand)
- padding
  - padding-top
  - padding-right
  - padding-bottom
  - padding-left
  - padding (shorthand)
- border
  - border-top-width
  - border-right-width
  - border-bottom-width
  - border-left-width
  - border-width
  - border-color
  - border-style
  - border-top
  - border-right
  - border-bottom
  - border-left
  - border

## border-style

Example 4.1 - Border Styles - Example 4.1 (Without Styles) |
<h4>Dotted</h4><p class="border1">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras feugiat mauris facilisis libero. Etiam nisl. Cras est dolor, viverra ac, ultrices volutpat, vestibulum et, odio. Nulla eget libero. Praesent eget tellus vel nibh nonummy egestas. </p><h4>Dashed</h4><p class="border2"> Etiam eu arcu quis lectus semper sodales. Donec vitae risus. Integer sollicitudin imperdiet dolor. Donec vehicula. Aliquam ut sapien sed eros imperdiet pharetra. Donec accumsan scelerisque leo. Sed eros nunc, pellentesque et, mollis non, faucibus venenatis, tortor.</p><h4>Outset</h4><p class="border3"> Pellentesque a velit. Sed pharetra vestibulum mauris. Ut vel arcu. Cras dolor ligula, eleifend et, ultrices nec, viverra in, ipsum. In convallis pharetra lacus. Etiam tellus. Aliquam quam. Vivamus mattis purus nec quam. Suspendisse hendrerit dui ac massa. </p><h4>Solid</h4><p class="border4"> Etiam rhoncus. Praesent id neque et odio dictum varius. Integer imperdiet blandit orci. Donec nec nunc posuere augue egestas accumsan. Nunc nonummy metus ut nunc. In id turpis vitae nisl eleifend bibendum. Curabitur cursus aliquam dolor. </p><h4>Double</h4><p class="border5"> Duis id erat a tortor laoreet aliquet. Quisque consectetuer lobortis mauris. Donec pede. Cras non turpis vel tortor iaculis nonummy. Ut facilisis viverra sem. Morbi pretium iaculis ligula. Praesent lectus. Aenean vel ante. Nunc interdum semper nisl. Pellentesque tincidunt. </p><h4>Groove</h4><p class="border6"> Aliquam leo nunc, congue a, imperdiet eget, aliquet ac, tortor. Sed ac est. Vivamus nisi. Mauris in nisl. Sed ultricies nunc vel nunc. In dignissim consequat arcu. Sed in risus. Nulla facilisi. Integer purus urna, laoreet vitae, congue a, posuere ut, ipsum. Nunc ac lacus sit amet nisi porttitor aliquam. </p><h4>Ridge</h4><p class="border7"> Vivamus dictum, sem in vulputate vestibulum, est tellus tempus dolor, ut laoreet arcu metus eu orci. Sed enim augue, dignissim sed, porta sed, dapibus ac, nibh. Nunc mattis ipsum eu lectus. Nam pharetra mattis massa. </p><h4>Inset</h4><p class="border8"> Maecenas consectetuer, lectus ac tempus iaculis, leo ipsum tincidunt erat, et aliquam libero nulla ac ipsum. Nam turpis leo, feugiat vel, nonummy id, ornare a, arcu. Vestibulum porta, justo et ornare porta, neque eros vestibulum libero, semper iaculis augue turpis eu neque. </p>body { font-family: tahoma,arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; } p { margin: 1em; padding: 1em; } p { width: 30%; } .border1 { border: thin dotted #900; } .border2 { border: medium dashed #090; } .border3 { border: thick outset #009; } .border4 { border: 3px solid #999; } .border5 { border: 5px double #000; } .border6 { border: 10px groove black; } .border7 { border: 15px ridge black; } .border8 { border: 20px inset #900; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

     <h4>Dotted</h4><p class="border1">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras feugiat mauris facilisis libero. Etiam nisl. Cras est dolor, viverra ac, ultrices volutpat, vestibulum et, odio. Nulla eget libero. Praesent eget tellus vel nibh nonummy egestas.</p>
    <h4>Dashed</h4><p class="border2">Etiam eu arcu quis lectus semper sodales. Donec vitae risus. Integer sollicitudin imperdiet dolor. Donec vehicula. Aliquam ut sapien sed eros imperdiet pharetra. Donec accumsan scelerisque leo. Sed eros nunc, pellentesque et, mollis non, faucibus venenatis, tortor.</p>
    <h4>Outset</h4><p class="border3">Pellentesque a velit. Sed pharetra vestibulum mauris. Ut vel arcu. Cras dolor ligula, eleifend et, ultrices nec, viverra in, ipsum. In convallis pharetra lacus. Etiam tellus. Aliquam quam. Vivamus mattis purus nec quam. Suspendisse hendrerit dui ac massa.</p>
    <h4>Solid</h4><p class="border4">Etiam rhoncus. Praesent id neque et odio dictum varius. Integer imperdiet blandit orci. Donec nec nunc posuere augue egestas accumsan. Nunc nonummy metus ut nunc. In id turpis vitae nisl eleifend bibendum. Curabitur cursus aliquam dolor.</p>
    <h4>Double</h4><p class="border5">Duis id erat a tortor laoreet aliquet. Quisque consectetuer lobortis mauris. Donec pede. Cras non turpis vel tortor iaculis nonummy. Ut facilisis viverra sem. Morbi pretium iaculis ligula. Praesent lectus. Aenean vel ante. Nunc interdum semper nisl. Pellentesque tincidunt.</p>
    <h4>Groove</h4><p class="border6">Aliquam leo nunc, congue a, imperdiet eget, aliquet ac, tortor. Sed ac est. Vivamus nisi. Mauris in nisl. Sed ultricies nunc vel nunc. In dignissim consequat arcu. Sed in risus. Nulla facilisi. Integer purus urna, laoreet vitae, congue a, posuere ut, ipsum. Nunc ac lacus sit amet nisi porttitor aliquam.</p>
    <h4>Ridge</h4><p class="border7">Vivamus dictum, sem in vulputate vestibulum, est tellus tempus dolor, ut laoreet arcu metus eu orci. Sed enim augue, dignissim sed, porta sed, dapibus ac, nibh. Nunc mattis ipsum eu lectus. Nam pharetra mattis massa.</p>
    <h4>Inset</h4><p class="border8">Maecenas consectetuer, lectus ac tempus iaculis, leo ipsum tincidunt erat, et aliquam libero nulla ac ipsum. Nam turpis leo, feugiat vel, nonummy id, ornare a, arcu. Vestibulum porta, justo et ornare porta, neque eros vestibulum libero, semper iaculis augue turpis eu neque.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    body {
      font-family: tahoma,arial,sans-serif;
      font-size: small;
    }
    p {
      margin: 1em;
      padding: 1em;
    }
    p {
      width: 30%;
    }
    .border1 {
      border: thin dotted #900;
    }
    .border2 {
      border: medium dashed #090;
    }
    .border3 {
      border: thick outset #009;
    }
    .border4 {
      border: 3px solid #999;
    }
    .border5 {
      border: 5px double #000;
    }
    .border6 {
      border: 10px groove black;
    }
    .border7 {
      border: 15px ridge black;
    }
    .border8 {
      border: 20px inset #900;
    }

## Margin, Padding, Border Example

Example 4.2 - Margin, Padding, Border - Example 4.2 (Without Styles) |
<p class="about"> Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is at once the nation's most cherished symbol of liberty and Jefferson's most enduring monument.</p><p> We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. </p>.about { width: 33%; text-align: left; font-size: 0.75em; color: #006600; background: #fefecd; padding: 0.5em; margin: 0.75em; border-width: thin; border-style: dotted; border-color: #900; } body { font-size: large; line-height: 1.5; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <p class="about">Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is at once the nation's most cherished symbol of liberty and Jefferson's most enduring monument.</p>
    <p>We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    .about {
            width: 33%;
            text-align: left;
            font-size: 0.75em;
            color: #006600;
            background: #fefecd;
            padding: 0.5em;
            margin: 0.75em;
            border-width: thin;
            border-style: dotted;
            border-color: #900;
           }
    body {
           font-size: large;
           line-height: 1.5;
         }

## TRBL for padding and margin shorthand

Stay out of "TRBL" (top right bottom left) for padding and margin shorthand.

Values that are present are used to fill in for values that are not:

- `padding: 1px 2px 3px 4px`
  T = 1px; R = 2px; B = 3px; L = 4px
- `padding: 1px 2px 3px`
  T = 1px; R = L = 2px; B = 3px;
- `padding: 1px 2px`
  T = B = 1px; R = L = 2px;
- `padding: 1px`
  T = R = B = L = 1px

## Float

Float takes the block out of the flow of the containing block and moves it (right or left) within the containing block.

Example 4.3 - float: none; - Example 4.3 (Without Styles) |
<p><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>img { float: none; border: thin dotted black; padding: 5px; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <p><img src="images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    img {
      float: none;
      border: thin dotted black;
      padding: 5px;
      }

Example 4.4 - float: right; - Example 4.4 (Without Styles) |
<p><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>img { float: right; clear: none; border: thin dotted black; padding: 5px; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <p><img src="images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    img {
      float: right;
      clear: none;
      border: thin dotted black;
      padding: 5px;
      }

## Float

### Float: right

Example 4.5 - float: right; - Example 4.5 (Without Styles) |
<div><div class="about">Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is at once the nation's most cherished symbol of liberty and Jefferson's most enduring monument.</div><div> We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. </div></div>.about { float: right; width: 33%; text-align: left; font-size: 0.75em; color: #006600; background: #fefecd; padding: 0.5em; margin: 0.75em; border-width: thin; border-style: dotted; border-color: #900; } body { font-size: large; line-height: 1.5; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <div><div class="about">Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is at once the nation's most cherished symbol of liberty and Jefferson's most enduring monument.</div><div>We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.</div></div>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    .about {
            float: right;
            width: 33%;
            text-align: left;
            font-size: 0.75em;
            color: #006600;
            background: #fefecd;
            padding: 0.5em;
            margin: 0.75em;
            border-width: thin;
            border-style: dotted;
            border-color: #900;
           }
    body {
            font-size: large;
            line-height: 1.5;
         }

### Float: left

Example 4.6 - float: left; - Example 4.6 (Without Styles) |
<div><div class="about">Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is at once the nation's most cherished symbol of liberty and Jefferson's most enduring monument.</div><div> We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. </div></div>.about { float: left; width: 33%; text-align: left; font-size: 0.75em; color: #006600; background: #fefecd; padding: 0.5em; margin: 0.75em; border-width: thin; border-style: dotted; border-color: #900; } body { font-size: large; line-height: 1.5; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <div><div class="about">Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is at once the nation's most cherished symbol of liberty and Jefferson's most enduring monument.</div><div>We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.</div></div>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    .about {
            float: left;
            width: 33%;
            text-align: left;
            font-size: 0.75em;
            color: #006600;
            background: #fefecd;
            padding: 0.5em;
            margin: 0.75em;
            border-width: thin;
            border-style: dotted;
            border-color: #900;
           }
    body {
            font-size: large;
            line-height: 1.5;
         }

## Float and Clear

The `clear` property defines the top clearance to push the block past a previous float.

Example 4.7 - float: right; clear: none; - Example 4.7 (Without Styles) |
<p><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh. Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis. </p>img { float: right; clear: none; border: thin dotted black; padding: 5px; margin: 5px; } p {line-height: 1.5em;}

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <p><img src="images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh. Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    img {
      float: right;
      clear: none;
      border: thin dotted black;
      padding: 5px;
      margin: 5px;
      }
    p {line-height: 1.5em;}

### float: right; clear: right

Example 4.8 - float: right; clear: right; - Example 4.8 (Without Styles) |
<p><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh. Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis. </p>img { float: right; clear: right; border: thin dotted black; padding: 5px; margin: 5px; } p {line-height: 1.5em;}

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <p><img src="images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh. Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    img {
      float: right;
      clear: right;
      border: thin dotted black;
      padding: 5px;
      margin: 5px;
      }
    p {line-height: 1.5em;}

### float: right; clear: left

Example 4.9 - float: right; clear: left; - Example 4.9 (Without Styles) |
<p><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh. Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis. </p>img { float: right; clear: left; border: thin dotted black; padding: 5px; margin: 5px; } p {line-height: 1.5em;}

- Markup
- Style

    <p><img src="images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><img src="images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus. Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh. Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    img {
      float: right;
      clear: left;
      border: thin dotted black;
      padding: 5px;
      margin: 5px;
      }
    p {line-height: 1.5em;}

## Float and Clear

The `clear` property defines the sides of a block where floated blocks cannot occur.

Example 4.10 - clear: none; - Example 4.10 (Without Styles) |
<p><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p><p><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p><p><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis. </p>p { clear: none; line-height: 1.5em; border: thin solid red; } img { float: right; border: thin dotted black; padding: 5px; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <p><img src="images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <p><img src="images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
    <p><img src="images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    p {
      clear: none;
      line-height: 1.5em;
      border: thin solid red;
    }
    img {
      float: right;
      border: thin dotted black;
      padding: 5px;
    }

Example 4.11 - clear: right; - Example 4.11 (Without Styles) |
<p><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p><p><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p><p><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis. </p>p { clear: right; line-height: 1.5em; border: thin solid red; } img { float: right; border: thin dotted black; padding: 5px; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <p><img src="images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <p><img src="images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
    <p><img src="images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    p {
      clear: right;
      line-height: 1.5em;
      border: thin solid red;
    }
    img {
      float: right;
      border: thin dotted black;
      padding: 5px;
    }

## Float and Clear!

## How to get image to be contained in box?

Or, how to avoid something like:

Example 4.12 - overflow: auto; - Example 4.12 (Without Styles) |
<p class="airplane"><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t2-1.png" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p><p class="airplane"><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t2-2.png" alt="777"/>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p><p class="airplane"><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t2-3.png" alt="777"/>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis.</p>p.airplane { clear: right; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 1em; margin: 1em; border: medium solid blue; overflow: auto; } .airplane img { float: right; border: thin dotted black; padding: 5px; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <p class="airplane"><img src="images/777-t2-1.png" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <p class="airplane"><img src="images/777-t2-2.png" alt="777"/>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
    <p class="airplane"><img src="images/777-t2-3.png" alt="777"/>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    p.airplane {
      clear: right;
      line-height: 1.5em;
      padding: 1em;
      margin: 1em;
      border: medium solid blue;
      overflow: auto;
    }
    .airplane img {
      float: right;
      border: thin dotted black;
      padding: 5px;
    }

## How to get image to be contained in box?

- stick with "p"
- use "br" and block display

Example 4.13 - clear: right; - Example 4.13 (Without Styles) |
<p class="airplane"><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t2-1.png" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.<br class="clearme"/></p><p class="airplane"><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t2-2.png" alt="777"/>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.<br class="clearme"/></p><p class="airplane"><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t2-3.png" alt="777"/>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis. <br class="clearme"/></p>p.airplane { clear: right; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 1em; margin: 1em; border: medium solid blue; } .airplane img { float: right; border: thin dotted black; padding: 5px; } br.clearme { clear: both; padding: 0; margin: 0; visibility: hidden; display: block }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <p class="airplane"><img src="images/777-t2-1.png" alt="777"/>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.<br class="clearme"/></p>
    <p class="airplane"><img src="images/777-t2-2.png" alt="777"/>Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.<br class="clearme"/></p>
    <p class="airplane"><img src="images/777-t2-3.png" alt="777"/>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis.<br class="clearme"/></p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    p.airplane {
      clear: right;
      line-height: 1.5em;
      padding: 1em;
      margin: 1em;
      border: medium solid blue;
    }
    .airplane img {
      float: right;
      border: thin dotted black;
      padding: 5px;
    }
    br.clearme {
      clear: both;
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0;
      visibility: hidden;
      display: block
    }

## Float Opposite

Use `float: left` and `float: right` for content to be on opposite sides.

Example 4.14 - float left and right - Example 4.14 (Without Styles) |
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p><footer><p class="course"><a href="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/">CSCI E-12 Home</a> | <a href="mailto:cscie12@dce.harvard.edu">cscie12@dce.harvard.edu</a></p><p class="global"><a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a> | <a href="http://www.extension.harvard.edu/">Extension School</a></p></footer>footer { background-color: #fcf; border-top: thin solid #333; } footer p.course { float: left; } footer p.global { float: right; } footer p { padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em; font-size: small; } footer a:link, footer a:visited, footer a:hover, footer a:active { text-decoration: none; color: navy; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.25em; } footer a:hover { color: #ccf; background-color: navy; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <footer><p class="course"><a href="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/">CSCI E-12 Home</a>|<a href="mailto:cscie12@dce.harvard.edu">cscie12@dce.harvard.edu</a></p>
    <p class="global"><a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a>|<a href="http://www.extension.harvard.edu/">Extension School</a></p>
    </footer>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    footer {
      background-color: #fcf;
      border-top: thin solid #333;
    }
    footer p.course { float: left; }
    footer p.global { float: right; }
    footer p {
      padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;
      font-size: small;
    }
    footer a:link,
    footer a:visited,
    footer a:hover,
    footer a:active {
      text-decoration: none;
      color: navy;
      font-weight: bold;
      padding: 0.25em;
    }
    footer a:hover {
      color: #ccf;
      background-color: navy;
    }

The background color of the parent `footer` did not display. The `p` elements within the `footer` have been "floated," therefore they have been removed from the calculation of the box model of the `footer`. The parent `footer` size is null.

Solutions:

- float the parent `footer`. Recall that a float is always with respect to the containing box
- Set the `footer` `overflow` property to `auto`

Example 4.15 - float left and right and parent div - Example 4.15 (Without Styles) |
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p><footer><p class="course"><a href="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/">CSCI E-12 Home</a> | <a href="mailto:cscie12@dce.harvard.edu">cscie12@dce.harvard.edu</a></p><p class="global"><a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a> | <a href="http://www.extension.harvard.edu/">Extension School</a></p></footer> div class="example" title="float left and right and parent div" ex:norender="1"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p><footer><p class="course"><a href="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/">CSCI E-12 Home</a> | <a href="mailto:cscie12@dce.harvard.edu">cscie12@dce.harvard.edu</a></p><p class="global"><a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a> | <a href="http://www.extension.harvard.edu/">Extension School</a></p></footer>footer { background-color: #fcf; float: left; width: 100%; border-top: thin solid #333; } footer p.course { float: right; } footer p.global { float: left; } footer p { padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em; font-size: small; } footer a:link, footer a:visited, footer a:hover, footer a:active { text-decoration: none; color: navy; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.25em; } footer a:hover { color: #ccf; background-color: navy; }footer { background-color: #fcf; overflow: auto; width: 100%; border-top: thin solid #333; } footer p.course { float: right; } footer p.global { float: left; } footer p { padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em; font-size: small; } footer a:link, footer a:visited, footer a:hover, footer a:active { text-decoration: none; color: navy; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.25em; } footer a:hover { color: #ccf; background-color: navy; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <footer><p class="course"><a href="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/">CSCI E-12 Home</a>|<a href="mailto:cscie12@dce.harvard.edu">cscie12@dce.harvard.edu</a></p>
    <p class="global"><a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a>|<a href="http://www.extension.harvard.edu/">Extension School</a></p>
    </footer>div class="example" title="float left and right and parent div" ex:norender="1"><p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <footer><p class="course"><a href="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/">CSCI E-12 Home</a>|<a href="mailto:cscie12@dce.harvard.edu">cscie12@dce.harvard.edu</a></p>
    <p class="global"><a href="http://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a>|<a href="http://www.extension.harvard.edu/">Extension School</a></p>
    </footer>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    footer {
        background-color: #fcf;
        float: left;
        width: 100%;
        border-top: thin solid #333;
    }
    footer p.course { float: right; }
    footer p.global { float: left; }
    footer p {
      padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;
      font-size: small;
    }
    footer a:link,
    footer a:visited,
    footer a:hover,
    footer a:active {
      text-decoration: none;
      color: navy;
      font-weight: bold;
      padding: 0.25em;
    }
    footer a:hover {
      color: #ccf;
      background-color: navy;
    }footer {
        background-color: #fcf;
        overflow: auto;
        width: 100%;
        border-top: thin solid #333;
    }
    footer p.course { float: right; }
    footer p.global { float: left; }
    footer p {
      padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;
      font-size: small;
    }
    footer a:link,
    footer a:visited,
    footer a:hover,
    footer a:active {
      text-decoration: none;
      color: navy;
      font-weight: bold;
      padding: 0.25em;
    }
    footer a:hover {
      color: #ccf;
      background-color: navy;
    }

## Float and Margins

We want to float one element left, the other right. We want content to be between the floated elements.

Example 4.16 - float and margin - Example 4.16 (Without Styles) |
<p class="first">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p><p class="second">Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p><p>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis. Ut pellentesque porta turpis. n vitae erat. Nam lacinia imperdiet lorem. Aliquam ullamcorper ultrices dui. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. </p>p { background-color: #ffff99;} p.first { float: left; width: 30%; font-size: x-small; background-color: #9999ff; } p.second { float: right; width: 30%; font-size: x-small; background-color: #ff9999; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

     <p class="first">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <p class="second">Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
    <p>Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis. Ut pellentesque porta turpis. n vitae erat. Nam lacinia imperdiet lorem. Aliquam ullamcorper ultrices dui. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    p { background-color: #ffff99;}
    p.first {
      float: left;
      width: 30%;
      font-size: x-small;
      background-color: #9999ff;
    }
    p.second {
      float: right;
      width: 30%;
      font-size: x-small;
      background-color: #ff9999;
    }

Make the middle content not wrap around the floated contents (set margin for the middle content).

Example 4.17 - float and margin to achieve a column effect - Example 4.17 (Without Styles) |
<p class="first">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p><p class="second">Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p><p class="third">Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis. Ut pellentesque porta turpis.n vitae erat. Nam lacinia imperdiet lorem. Aliquam ullamcorper ultrices dui. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. </p>p.first { float: left; width: 30%; font-size: x-small; background-color: #9999ff; } p.second { float: right; width: 30%; font-size: x-small; background-color: #ff9999; } p.third { margin-left: 35%; margin-right: 35%; background-color: #ffff99; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

     <p class="first">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed feugiat nisi at sapien. Phasellus varius tincidunt ligula. Praesent nisi. Duis sollicitudin. Donec dignissim, est vel auctor blandit, ante est laoreet neque, non pellentesque mauris turpis eu purus.</p>
    <p class="second">Suspendisse mollis leo nec diam. Vestibulum pulvinar tellus sit amet nulla fringilla semper. Aenean aliquam, urna et accumsan sollicitudin, tellus pede lobortis velit, nec placerat dolor pede nec nibh. Donec fringilla. Duis adipiscing diam at enim. Vestibulum nibh.</p>
    <p class="third">Proin sollicitudin ante vel eros. Nunc tempus. Quisque vitae quam non magna mattis volutpat. Nulla vulputate, erat nec tempor mollis, augue metus feugiat urna, id nonummy velit arcu in metus. Donec nonummy, pede non convallis commodo, enim velit ornare nulla, vitae suscipit risus urna eget magna. Maecenas aliquam arcu ac turpis. Ut pellentesque porta turpis.n vitae erat. Nam lacinia imperdiet lorem. Aliquam ullamcorper ultrices dui. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Proin quis orci eu erat molestie varius. Praesent condimentum orci in lectus. Ut ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    p.first {
      float: left;
      width: 30%;
      font-size: x-small;
      background-color: #9999ff;
    }
    p.second {
      float: right;
      width: 30%;
      font-size: x-small;
      background-color: #ff9999;
    }
    p.third {
      margin-left: 35%;
      margin-right: 35%;
      background-color: #ffff99;
    }

## Float and a Flexible "Grid"

Here each "person" is `div` (or `p` or `li`), which contains a thumbnail and a caption. The containing elements are sized (height and width set) and floated. The result is a table-like layout that is flexible for varying widths of the browser window.

### Congress

### Solar System

>

## Float and a Flexible "Grid"

It is important to set height and width!

Example 4.18 - Making a grid: setting width but not height - Example 4.18 (Without Styles) |
<ul class="gallery"><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-4.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-5.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-6.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/787-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 787 Dreamliner</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/787-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 787 Dreamliner</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/bbj-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing Business Jet</li></ul>.gallery li { float: left; width: 150px; padding: 5px; border: thin dotted #ccc; margin: 5px; text-align: center; font-size: x-small; list-style: none; } #gallery li img { padding-top: 5px; } body { font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <ul class="gallery">
    <li><img src="images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/777-t-4.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/777-t-5.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/777-t-6.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/787-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 787 Dreamliner</li>
    <li><img src="images/787-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 787 Dreamliner</li>
    <li><img src="images/bbj-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing Business Jet</li>
    </ul>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    .gallery li {
      float: left;
      width: 150px;
      padding: 5px;
      border: thin dotted #ccc;
      margin: 5px;
      text-align: center;
      font-size: x-small;
      list-style: none;
    }
    #gallery li img { padding-top: 5px; }
    body {
      font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;
    }

Example 4.19 - Making a grid: setting height and width - Example 4.19 (Without Styles) |
<ul class="gallery"><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-4.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-5.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/777-t-6.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/787-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 787 Dreamliner</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/787-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 787 Dreamliner</li><li><img src="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/bbj-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing Business Jet</li></ul>.gallery li { float: left; width: 150px; height: 150px; padding: 5px; border: thin dotted #ccc; margin: 5px; text-align: center; font-size: x-small; list-style: none; } #gallery p img { padding-top: 5px; } body { font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <ul class="gallery">
    <li><img src="images/777-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/777-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/777-t-3.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/777-t-4.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/777-t-5.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/777-t-6.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 777</li>
    <li><img src="images/787-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 787 Dreamliner</li>
    <li><img src="images/787-t-2.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing 787 Dreamliner</li>
    <li><img src="images/bbj-t-1.jpg" alt="777"/><br/>Boeing Business Jet</li>
    </ul>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    .gallery li {
      float: left;
      width: 150px;
      height: 150px;
      padding: 5px;
      border: thin dotted #ccc;
      margin: 5px;
      text-align: center;
      font-size: x-small;
      list-style: none;
    }
    #gallery p img { padding-top: 5px; }
    body {
      font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;
    }

## Backgrounds

- background-color
- background-image
- background-repeat
- background-attachment
- background-position
- background (a shorthand property)

#### Background Image with CSS

A background image with CSS:

Example 4.20 - Background Image with CSS - Example 4.20 (Without Styles) |
<div style="margin-left: 45%; margin-right: 45%;"> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. </div>body { background-image: url('http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/shield-background.gif');}

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <div style="margin-left: 45%; margin-right: 45%;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.</div>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    body { background-image: url('images/shield-background.gif');}

#### Repeat

Repeat on y-axis only:

Example 4.21 - background-repeat: repeat-y - Example 4.21 (Without Styles) |
<div style="margin-left: 45%; margin-right: 45%;"> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. </div>body { background-image: url('http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/shield-background.gif'); background-repeat: repeat-y; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <div style="margin-left: 45%; margin-right: 45%;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.</div>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    body {
        background-image: url('images/shield-background.gif');
        background-repeat: repeat-y;
        }

#### Center and Fix

Center, Don't Repeat and Fix position:

Example 4.22 - no-repeat and fixed - Example 4.22 (Without Styles) |
<div style="margin-left: 45%; margin-right: 45%;"> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. </div>body { background-image: url('http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/shield-background.gif'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center; background-attachment: fixed; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <div style="margin-left: 45%; margin-right: 45%;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Cras sollicitudin, orci nec facilisis vehicula, neque urna porta risus, ut sagittis enim velit at orci. Fusce velit. Integer sapien enim, rhoncus vitae, cursus non, commodo vitae, felis. Nulla convallis ante sit amet urna. Maecenas condimentum hendrerit turpis.</div>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    body {
        background-image: url('images/shield-background.gif');
        background-repeat: no-repeat;
        background-position: center;
        background-attachment: fixed;
        }

## Backgrounds

Here we use the following images as backgrounds in `div` elements.

wood.jpg | marble.jpg | water.jpg

Example 4.23 - background images - Example 4.23 (Without Styles) |
<div class="wood"> Wood <div class="marble"> Marble <div class="water"> Water </div></div></div>body { font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold; color: white; } div.wood { padding: 1em; background-image: url('http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/wood.jpg'); } div.marble { background-image: url('http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/marble.jpg'); padding: 1em; } div.water { background-image: url('http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/water.jpg'); padding: 1em; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <div class="wood">Wood<div class="marble">Marble<div class="water">Water</div></div></div>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    body {
      font-size: 18pt;
      font-weight: bold;
      color: white;
    }
    div.wood {
      padding: 1em;
      background-image: url('images/wood.jpg');
    }
    div.marble {
      background-image: url('images/marble.jpg');
      padding: 1em;
    }
    div.water {
      background-image: url('images/water.jpg');
      padding: 1em;
    }

## Backgrounds - Icons

Use small images as backgrounds in links to display visual icons or cues.

### Social Media

    <ul class="list-social-links list-clean">
      <li>
        <a href="http://facebook.com/harvard" class="social-link social-link--facebook">
          <span class="is-visually-hidden">
            Facebook
          </span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li>
        <a href="http://twitter.com/harvard" class="social-link social-link--twitter">
          <span class="is-visually-hidden">
            Twitter
          </span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li>
        <a href="http://www.instagram.com/harvard" class="social-link social-link--instagram">
          <span class="is-visually-hidden">
            Instagram
          </span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li>
        <a href="http://youtube.com/harvard" class="social-link social-link--youtube">
          <span class="is-visually-hidden">
            YouTube
          </span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li>
        <a href="https://soundcloud.com/harvard" class="social-link social-link--soundcloud">
          <span class="is-visually-hidden">
            SoundCloud
          </span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li>
        <a href="http://plus.google.com/+harvard" class="social-link social-link--google-plus">
          <span class="is-visually-hidden">
            Google Plus
          </span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li>
        <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/edu/school?id=18483" class="social-link social-link--linkedin">
          <span class="is-visually-hidden">
            LinkedIn
          </span>
        </a>
      </li>
      <li>
        <a href="http://www.harvard.edu/itunes" class="social-link social-link--itunes">
          <span class="is-visually-hidden">
            iTunes
          </span>
        </a>
      </li>
    </ul>

### Web Content Management

Example 4.24 - Web Content Management - Example 4.24 |
<ul class="topic-header-menu"><li><a class="icon-replace act-edit" title="Edit this Topic Box" href="...">Edit</a></li><li><a class="icon-replace act-maximize" title="Maximize this Topic Box" href="...">Maximize</a></li><li><a class="icon-replace act-print" title="Print-friendly view of this Topic Box" href="...">Print</a></li></ul>

- Markup
- Screenshot

     <ul class="topic-header-menu">
    <li><a class="icon-replace act-edit" title="Edit this Topic Box" href="...">Edit</a></li>
    <li><a class="icon-replace act-maximize" title="Maximize this Topic Box" href="...">Maximize</a></li>
    <li><a class="icon-replace act-print" title="Print-friendly view of this Topic Box" href="...">Print</a></li>
    </ul>

### External Links

Example 4.25 - External Hyperlnks - Example 4.25 (Without Styles) |
<p>A bonus of attending <a href="http://www.summer.harvard.edu/">Harvard Summer School</a> is being able to enjoy <a href="http://www.harvardsquare.com/" class="external">Harvard Square</a> in <a href="http://www.cambridgema.gov/" class="external">Cambridge</a>, <a href="http://www.mass.gov" class="external">Massachusetts</a>. </p>a.external { padding: 2px 25px 2px 0px; display:inline; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center right; background-image: url('http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/external.png'); }

- Markup
- Style
- Display

     <p>A bonus of attending<a href="http://www.summer.harvard.edu/">Harvard Summer School</a>is being able to enjoy<a href="http://www.harvardsquare.com/" class="external">Harvard Square</a>in<a href="http://www.cambridgema.gov/" class="external">Cambridge</a>,<a href="http://www.mass.gov" class="external">Massachusetts</a>.</p>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    a.external  {
      padding: 2px 25px 2px 0px;
      display:inline;
      background-repeat: no-repeat;
      background-position: center right;
      background-image: url('images/external.png');
    }

A bonus of attending Harvard Summer School is being able to enjoy Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

## Backgrounds

Instead of having an `img` element within the HTML, we can include design images in the CSS. This example displays the flag.png with the h1 of the markup.

Example 4.26 - background images - Example 4.26 (Without Styles) |
<h1 id="ustitle">United States Constitution</h1><div> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. In accumsan ipsum et libero. Donec tincidunt. Duis non nulla a tortor sagittis bibendum. Nunc ante. Vestibulum vulputate. Aliquam ultricies, est vitae mattis ornare, leo pede lacinia mi, vitae pharetra turpis enim sed turpis. Mauris lorem. Ut rhoncus. Fusce congue ultricies est. Nulla dignissim sagittis ipsum. Vivamus eu lectus non enim dignissim imperdiet. Nulla facilisi. Integer euismod cursus erat. </div>#ustitle { height: 80px; background: #ddd url('http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/flag-small.png') left center no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } #ustitle { padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: center; font-family: tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <h1 id="ustitle">United States Constitution</h1><div>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. In accumsan ipsum et libero. Donec tincidunt. Duis non nulla a tortor sagittis bibendum. Nunc ante. Vestibulum vulputate. Aliquam ultricies, est vitae mattis ornare, leo pede lacinia mi, vitae pharetra turpis enim sed turpis. Mauris lorem. Ut rhoncus. Fusce congue ultricies est. Nulla dignissim sagittis ipsum. Vivamus eu lectus non enim dignissim imperdiet. Nulla facilisi. Integer euismod cursus erat.</div>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    #ustitle {
      height: 80px;
      background: #ddd url('images/flag-small.png') left center no-repeat;
      margin-bottom: 0.5em;
    }
    #ustitle  {
      padding-top: 0.5em;
      text-align: center;
      font-family: tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;
      }

## Lists

- list-style-type
  - disc | circle | square | decimal | lower-roman | upper-roman | lower-alpha | upper-alpha | none
- list-style-image
- list-style-position
- list-style
  a shorthand property

### Ordered List

An ordered list:

Example 4.27 - Ordered List: default - Example 4.27 |
<strong>Winningest Active Coaches, Division I NCAA Men's Basketball</strong><ol><li>Mark Few</li><li>Roy Williams</li><li>John Calipari</li><li>Mike Krzyzewski</li><li>Bill Self</li><li>Steve Prohm</li><li>Thad Matta</li><li>Ray Harper</li><li>Dave Rose</li><li>Sean Miller</li></ol>

- Markup
- Display

    <strong>Winningest Active Coaches, Division I NCAA Men's Basketball</strong><ol>
    <li>Mark Few</li>
    <li>Roy Williams</li>
    <li>John Calipari</li>
    <li>Mike Krzyzewski</li>
    <li>Bill Self</li>
    <li>Steve Prohm</li>
    <li>Thad Matta</li>
    <li>Ray Harper</li>
    <li>Dave Rose</li>
    <li>Sean Miller</li>
    </ol>

Winningest Active Coaches, Division I NCAA Men's Basketball

1. Mark Few
2. Roy Williams
3. John Calipari
4. Mike Krzyzewski
5. Bill Self
6. Steve Prohm
7. Thad Matta
8. Ray Harper
9. Dave Rose
10. Sean Miller

### Ordered List

An ordered list:

Example 4.28 - Ordered List: upper-roman - Example 4.28 (Without Styles) |
<strong>Winningest Active Coaches, Division I NCAA Men's Basketball</strong><ol class="basketball"><li>Mark Few</li><li>Roy Williams</li><li>John Calipari</li><li>Mike Krzyzewski</li><li>Bill Self</li><li>Steve Prohm</li><li>Thad Matta</li><li>Ray Harper</li><li>Dave Rose</li><li>Sean Miller</li></ol>ol.basketball { list-style: upper-roman; }

- Markup
- Style
- Display

    <strong>Winningest Active Coaches, Division I NCAA Men's Basketball</strong><ol class="basketball">
    <li>Mark Few</li>
    <li>Roy Williams</li>
    <li>John Calipari</li>
    <li>Mike Krzyzewski</li>
    <li>Bill Self</li>
    <li>Steve Prohm</li>
    <li>Thad Matta</li>
    <li>Ray Harper</li>
    <li>Dave Rose</li>
    <li>Sean Miller</li>
    </ol>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    ol.basketball {
       list-style: upper-roman;
    }

Winningest Active Coaches, Division I NCAA Men's Basketball

1. Mark Few
2. Roy Williams
3. John Calipari
4. Mike Krzyzewski
5. Bill Self
6. Steve Prohm
7. Thad Matta
8. Ray Harper
9. Dave Rose
10. Sean Miller

## Lists with Image

And now, let's add a basketball icon as a list bullet (image is at images/basketball.gif,

An unordered list controlled by CSS:

Example 4.29 - List with images as bullets - Example 4.29 (Without Styles) |
<strong>Winningest Active Coaches, Division I NCAA Men's Basketball</strong><ul class="basketball"><li>Mark Few</li><li>Roy Williams</li><li>John Calipari</li><li>Mike Krzyzewski</li><li>Bill Self</li><li>Steve Prohm</li><li>Thad Matta</li><li>Ray Harper</li><li>Dave Rose</li><li>Sean Miller</li></ul>ul.basketball { list-style-image: url('http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/resources/images/basketball.gif'); }

- Markup
- Style
- Display

    <strong>Winningest Active Coaches, Division I NCAA Men's Basketball</strong><ul class="basketball">
    <li>Mark Few</li>
    <li>Roy Williams</li>
    <li>John Calipari</li>
    <li>Mike Krzyzewski</li>
    <li>Bill Self</li>
    <li>Steve Prohm</li>
    <li>Thad Matta</li>
    <li>Ray Harper</li>
    <li>Dave Rose</li>
    <li>Sean Miller</li>
    </ul>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    ul.basketball {
        list-style-image: url('images/basketball.gif');
    }

Winningest Active Coaches, Division I NCAA Men's Basketball

- Mark Few
- Roy Williams
- John Calipari
- Mike Krzyzewski
- Bill Self
- Steve Prohm
- Thad Matta
- Ray Harper
- Dave Rose
- Sean Miller

See: Men's Basketball Coaching Records

## Lists that don't look like lists

Key points:

- remove list styling
- change from "block" to "inline" display

`ul { list-style: none; }`
`li { display: inline; }`

### list-style: none

Example 4.30 - list-style: none; - Example 4.30 (Without Styles) |
<ul id="extglobalnav"><li>About</li><li>Calendar</li><li>Courses</li><li>Contact Us</li><li>Faculty Directory</li><li>Login</li></ul>ul#extglobalnav { list-style: none; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <ul id="extglobalnav">
    <li>About</li>
    <li>Calendar</li>
    <li>Courses</li>
    <li>Contact Us</li>
    <li>Faculty Directory</li>
    <li>Login</li>
    </ul>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    ul#extglobalnav {
      list-style: none;
    }

### li {display: inline;}

Example 4.31 - list-style: none; - Example 4.31 (Without Styles) |
<ul id="extglobalnav"><li>About</li><li>Calendar</li><li>Courses</li><li>Contact Us</li><li>Faculty Directory</li><li>Login</li></ul>ul#extglobalnav { list-style: none; padding-left: 0; } ul#extglobalnav li { display: inline; padding-left: 2em; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

    <ul id="extglobalnav">
    <li>About</li>
    <li>Calendar</li>
    <li>Courses</li>
    <li>Contact Us</li>
    <li>Faculty Directory</li>
    <li>Login</li>
    </ul>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    ul#extglobalnav {
      list-style: none;
      padding-left: 0;
    }
    ul#extglobalnav li {
      display: inline;
      padding-left: 2em;
    }

## CSS Selectors

- element, class, id

  -     p {/* style rules */}

  -     p.classname {/* style rules */}

  -     .classname {/* style rules */}

  -     #idname {/* style rules */}

- descendant

  -     thead th {/* style rules */}

- wildcard

  -     * {/* style rules */}

- pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements

  -     a:hover {/* style rules */}

  -     input:focus {/* style rules */}

  -     li:first-child {/* style rules */}

- attribute value

  -     input[type="submit"] {/* style rules */}

- child, sibling

  -     body > p {/* style rules */}

### CSS Comments

Note the use of comments in CSS -- they start with `/*` and end with `*/`. Comments can be on a single line or multi-line.

    p.vibrate {
      /* These paragraphs will vibrate off the page! */
      color: red;
      background-color: blue;
    }
    p.subtle {
      /* These paragraphs will
         be subtle and
         probably hard to read */
      color: white;
      background-color: gray;
    }

## Pseudo-Classes and Elements

CSS 2.1 defines pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements. Examples are `p:first-line`, `li:first-child`, and `input:focus`

Pseudo-Classes | Pseudo-Elements
--- | ---
first-child link visited hover active focus lang | first-line first-letter before after

## Link Pseudo Classes

- a:link
- a:visited
- a:hover
- a:active

Use the "link-visited-hover-active" or "LVHA" ordering (some like to remember this by "LoVe HAte").

Example 4.32 - a pseudo-classes (link, visited, hover, active)) - Example 4.32 (Without Styles) |
<ul><li><a href="#about-us">About Us</a></li><li><a href="#courses">Courses</a></li><li><a href="#registration">Registration</a></li><li><a href="#degrees-certificates">Degrees & Certificates</a></li><li><a href="#distance-education">Distance Education</a></li><li><a href="#exams-grades-policies">Exams, Grades, & Policies</a></li><li><a href="#resources">Resources</a></li><li><a href="#news-hub">News Hub</a></li></ul>a:link { text-decoration: none; color: blue; background-color: white; } a:visited { text-decoration: none; color: #66f; /* lighter blue */ background-color: #ccc; /* grey */ } a:hover { text-decoration: none; color: white; background-color: blue; } a:active { text-decoration: underline; color: red; background-color: yellow; } /** Some tweaks to make the list look more like a sidebar navigation. Not important for to illustrate the a pseudo classes */ ul { font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold; width: 25%; list-style: none;} a {margin: 0.25em; padding: 0.25em; display: block;}

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

       <ul>
    <li><a href="#about-us">About Us</a></li>
    <li><a href="#courses">Courses</a></li>
    <li><a href="#registration">Registration</a></li>
    <li><a href="#degrees-certificates">Degrees & Certificates</a></li>
    <li><a href="#distance-education">Distance Education</a></li>
    <li><a href="#exams-grades-policies">Exams, Grades, & Policies</a></li>
    <li><a href="#resources">Resources</a></li>
    <li><a href="#news-hub">News Hub</a></li>
    </ul>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    a:link {
        text-decoration: none;
        color: blue;
        background-color: white;
        }
    a:visited {
        text-decoration: none;
        color: #66f;            /* lighter blue */
        background-color: #ccc; /* grey */
    }
    a:hover {
        text-decoration: none;
        color: white;
        background-color: blue;
    }
    a:active {
        text-decoration: underline;
        color: red;
        background-color: yellow;
    }
    /**
      Some tweaks to make the list
        look more like a sidebar
        navigation.  Not important for
        to illustrate the
        a pseudo classes
    */
    ul { font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold; width: 25%; list-style: none;}
    a {margin: 0.25em; padding: 0.25em; display: block;}

## input:focus

Example 4.33 - input:focus pseudo-class - Example 4.33 (Without Styles) |
<p>Form illustrating <code>input:focus</code></p><form method="post" action="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/echo" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded"> First name: <input type="firstname"/><br/> Last name: <input type="lastname"/><br/> Email: <input type="email"/><br/><input type="submit"/></form>input:focus { background-color: #ffc; border: medium solid orange; }

- Markup
- Style
- Screenshot

     <p>Form illustrating<code>input:focus</code></p>
    <form method="post" action="http://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/echo">
    First name:
    <input type="firstname"/><br/>Last name:
    <input type="lastname"/><br/>Email:
    <input type="email"/><br/>
    <input type="submit"/>
    </form>

In `style` element (`<style type="text/css">`) within `head` element:

    input:focus {
      background-color: #ffc;
      border: medium solid orange;
    }

## CSS Colors

Wikipedia Web Colors

### Name

As defined in HTML: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, yellow

There are also Extended Color Keywords for CSS3, which are the same as SVG 1.0 colors (SVG is a type of image file format).

### RGB Color Space

256 colors in each channel (Red, Green, Blue). Values can be

- decimal numbers (0 to 255)
- hexadecimal numbers (00 to ff)
- percentages (0 to 100%)

The following are all equivalent ways of defining a shade of orange:

rgb(100%,66%,33%) rgb(255,168,84) #ffa854 |

### HSL Color Space

Hue, Saturation, Lightness (HSL) is another way to specify color value. It is based on a cylindrical model of color. Fore more information see:

- CSS3 Color - HSL examples
- Wikipedia: HSL and HSV

In CSS3, you can use HSL values (e.g. `hsl(29,100%,66%)`)

### Same Color, Expressed differently

Example 4.34 - Background Color - Example 4.34 |
<div style="background-color: rgb(100%,66%,33%); padding: 1em; ; margin: 1em;"> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.<br/>rgb(100%,66%,33%) </div><div style="background-color: #ffa854; padding: 1em; margin: 1em; "> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.<br/>#ffa854 </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255,168,84); padding: 1em; ; margin: 1em;"> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.<br/>rgb(255,168,84) </div><div style="background-color: hsl(29,100%,66%); padding: 1em; ; margin: 1em;"> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.<br/>hsl(29,100%,66%) </div>

- Markup
- Display

    <div style="background-color: rgb(100%,66%,33%); padding: 1em; ; margin: 1em;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.<br/>rgb(100%,66%,33%)</div><div style="background-color: #ffa854; padding: 1em; margin: 1em; ">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.<br/>#ffa854</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255,168,84); padding: 1em; ; margin: 1em;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.<br/>rgb(255,168,84)</div><div style="background-color: hsl(29,100%,66%); padding: 1em; ; margin: 1em;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.<br/>hsl(29,100%,66%)</div>

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
rgb(100%,66%,33%)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
#ffa854
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
rgb(255,168,84)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
hsl(29,100%,66%)

## Colorpicker

- HTML Color Picker from W3Schools
- DIY - `<input type="color" />`
Color Picker

Select Color:
Hex value:

## Colors

Exploring Colors

- Color Wheel (colorpicker.com)
- Web Palette Color Picker (w3schools.com)

Color Themes

- Adobe Color CC
- Paletton.com

## Best Practices

### Use semantic "class" and "id" values

You can choose `class` and `id` values when authoring your CSS and HTML. A good rule is to create "logical" `class` and `id` values and not "descriptive" ones. Remember, you've gone to the trouble of separating markup and presentation -- keep this separation when creating class names.

If you can guess how the class is styled based upon the name, this should cause you to consider changing the name.

Good Class/ID Names | Poor Class Names
--- | ---
pageheader pagefooter globalnav gallery aside callout warn info error | blueborder rightcolumn rightnav thinborder redbold center

Choosing class and id names appropriately will help with:

- evolution
  Your `#rightnav` may very well become navigation positioned on the left side or the top.
  Your `.redbold` may very be changed to another color or background entirely.
- specificity and semantics
  If you have a `.dottedborder` class, you may wish to change how your thumbnail images are styled, but leave presentation of other markup that you've given the same class to unchanged.

## Beware of Divitis and Classitis

divitis
  An unhealthy markup condition characterized by the profligate use of the "div" element
classitis
  An unhealthy markup condition characterized by the profligate use of "class" attributes

## Avoid Divitis, Classitis, Tagitis, etc.

Instead of...

    <div class="header">Our Solar System</div>

or even

    <div class="header"><h1>Our Solar System</h1></div>

why not...

    <h1>Our Solar System</h1>

Instead of...

    <div class="basketball">
      <ul>
        <li>Mark Few</li>
        <li>Roy Williams</li>
        <li>Thad Matta</li>
        ...

why not...

    <ul class="basketball">
        <li>Mark Few</li>
        <li>Roy Williams</li>
        <li>Thad Matta</li>
        ...

## Multiple Stylesheets

- Multiple `<link />` elements in markup
- `@import` rule in CSS

### Multiple <link /> Elements

### @import

## The Cascade and Specificity

See: CSS 2.1: Assigning property values, Cascading, and Inheritance

Image from Flickr user Cayusa, used under Creative Commons license.

### Stylesheet Origin

- author stylesheet
- reader (user) stylesheet
- browser (user agent) stylesheet

### Specificity of Selector

- style attribute
- count "id" attributes
- count number of other attributes ("class")
- count element names

### Order

- last occurence has higher specificity

  `@import`-ed stylesheets come before rules in the importing sheet.

## Cascade: Setup

- setup.html
- setup.css
- Example in JSFiddle

"setup"

CSS:

    body {
        font-family: calibri,verdana,tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;
        margin: 0px 5%;
        background-color: #ccc;
        color: #000;
    }
    h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { color: white; background-color: green; }
    ul { background-color: yellow; }
    p {
        color: white;
        background-color: crimson;
        padding: 0.5em;
    }
    header { width: 100%; }
    footer { width: 100%; clear: both;}
    nav    { width: 15%; float: left; padding-right: 10px;}
    aside { width: 33%; float: right; }
    #main { width: 50%; float: left; }

Markup:

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <head>
      <title>CSS Test</title>
      <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="setup.css" />
    </head>
    <body>
      <header>
        <h1>Header: Lorem ipsum</h1>
      </header>
      <nav>
        <h2>Navigation</h2>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="#">Vestibulum</a></li>
          <li><a href="#">condimentum</a></li>
          <li><a href="#">dictum</a></li>
        </ul>
      </nav>
      <div id="main">
        <h2>Main</h2>
        <p class="summary">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Etiam sodales sollicitudin felis eu suscipit. Nunc faucibus pulvinar molestie. Nunc ut leo arcu, vitae sagittis massa. Sed consequat sollicitudin purus, eu commodo velit adipiscing et. Aenean at commodo felis.</p>
        <p>Pellentesque sodales, lacus sit amet consequat aliquet, purus tellus egestas enim, non bibendum odio sapien eu justo. Etiam aliquet lobortis velit, id sagittis dui scelerisque eu. Vestibulum in hendrerit tellus. Proin odio augue, tincidunt eget cursus at, laoreet quis nisl.</p>
        <ul>
          <li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.</li>
          <li>In egestas sollicitudin dui, vitae faucibus elit accumsan et.</li>
        </ul>
        <p>Fusce ac tellus enim. Morbi sodales nibh vel orci pharetra dictum. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Proin sapien velit, ullamcorper eget ullamcorper id, tempus et libero. Duis gravida dapibus mauris vel placerat. Vivamus ornare tempus auctor.</p>
      </div>
      <aside>
        <h2>Sidebar</h2>
        <p class="summary">Duis tincidunt tempor leo. Nulla facilisi. Vivamus faucibus fringilla ultricies. Aliquam mollis sapien eu quam euismod facilisis.</p>
        <ul>
          <li>Vestibulum feugiat tristique arcu, consequat volutpat urna bibendum vitae.</li>
          <li>Nunc sagittis metus at odio posuere quis imperdiet leo consectetur.</li>
        </ul>
        <p>Phasellus a tortor sit amet dolor congue tristique in sed nulla. Suspendisse potenti. Quisque rutrum leo id dolor ultrices a auctor ligula varius.</p>
      </aside>
      <footer>
        <h2>Footer</h2>
        <p>Nulla viverra lectus quis leo tincidunt accumsan.</p>
      </footer>
    </body>
    </html>

## Cascade: Stylesheet Origin

- origin.html
- origin.css

CSS:

    body {
        font-family: calibri,verdana,tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;
        margin: 0px 5%;
        background-color: #ccc;
        color: #000;
    }
    h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { color: white; background-color: green; }
    ul { background-color: yellow; }
    p {
        color: white;
        background-color: crimson;
        padding: 0.5em;
    }
    header { width: 100%; }
    footer { width: 100%; clear: both;}
    nav    { width: 15%; float: left; padding-right: 10px;}
    aside { width: 33%; float: right; }
    #main { width: 50%; float: left; }

Markup:

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <head>
      <title>CSS Test</title>
      <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="origin.css" />
      <style type="text/css">
      p {
        border: thick dotted blue;
        background-color: orange;
      }
      </style>
    </head>
    <body>
      <header>
        <h1>Header: Lorem ipsum</h1>
      </header>
      <nav>
        <h2>Navigation</h2>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="#">Vestibulum</a></li>
          <li><a href="#">condimentum</a></li>
          <li><a href="#">dictum</a></li>
        </ul>
      </nav>
      <div id="main">
        <h2>Main</h2>
        <p class="summary" style="background-color: blue; border-color: red;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Etiam sodales sollicitudin felis eu suscipit. Nunc faucibus pulvinar molestie. Nunc ut leo arcu, vitae sagittis massa. Sed consequat sollicitudin purus, eu commodo velit adipiscing et. Aenean at commodo felis.</p>
        <p>Pellentesque sodales, lacus sit amet consequat aliquet, purus tellus egestas enim, non bibendum odio sapien eu justo. Etiam aliquet lobortis velit, id sagittis dui scelerisque eu. Vestibulum in hendrerit tellus. Proin odio augue, tincidunt eget cursus at, laoreet quis nisl.</p>
        <ul>
          <li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.</li>
          <li>In egestas sollicitudin dui, vitae faucibus elit accumsan et.</li>
        </ul>
        <p>Fusce ac tellus enim. Morbi sodales nibh vel orci pharetra dictum. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Proin sapien velit, ullamcorper eget ullamcorper id, tempus et libero. Duis gravida dapibus mauris vel placerat. Vivamus ornare tempus auctor.</p>
      </div>
      <aside>
        <h2>Sidebar</h2>
        <p class="summary">Duis tincidunt tempor leo. Nulla facilisi. Vivamus faucibus fringilla ultricies. Aliquam mollis sapien eu quam euismod facilisis.</p>
        <ul>
          <li>Vestibulum feugiat tristique arcu, consequat volutpat urna bibendum vitae.</li>
          <li>Nunc sagittis metus at odio posuere quis imperdiet leo consectetur.</li>
        </ul>
        <p>Phasellus a tortor sit amet dolor congue tristique in sed nulla. Suspendisse potenti. Quisque rutrum leo id dolor ultrices a auctor ligula varius.</p>
      </aside>
      <footer>
        <h2>Footer</h2>
        <p>Nulla viverra lectus quis leo tincidunt accumsan.</p>
      </footer>
    </body>
    </html>

## Cascade: Specificity

- specificity.html
- specificity.css
- Example in JSFiddle

CSS:

    body {
        font-family: calibri,verdana,tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;
        margin: 0px 5%;
        background-color: #ccc;
        color: #000;
    }
    h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { color: white; background-color: green; }
    ul { background-color: yellow; }
    p {
        color: white;
        background-color: crimson;
        padding: 0.5em;
    }
    header { width: 100%; }
    footer { width: 100%; clear: both;}
    nav { width: 15%; float: left; padding-right: 10px;}
    aside { width: 33%; float: right; }
    #main { width: 50%; float: left; }
    /* below are added rules compared to setup.css */
    div p {
        background-color: orange;
        color: white;
    }
    .summary {
        border: medium solid black;
        color: black;
        background-color: white;
    }
    aside p {
        background-color: purple;
        color: white;
    }
    footer {
        background-color: #fff;
        color: #ccc;
        font-size: small;
        text-align: center;
    }
    h2 { display: none; }
    #main h2 {display: block; }

Markup:

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <head>
      <title>CSS Test</title>
      <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="specificity.css" />
    </head>
    <body>
      <header>
        <h1>Header: Lorem ipsum</h1>
      </header>
      <nav>
        <h2>Navigation</h2>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="#">Vestibulum</a></li>
          <li><a href="#">condimentum</a></li>
          <li><a href="#">dictum</a></li>
        </ul>
      </nav>
      <div id="main">
        <h2>Main</h2>
        <p class="summary">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Etiam sodales sollicitudin felis eu suscipit. Nunc faucibus pulvinar molestie. Nunc ut leo arcu, vitae sagittis massa. Sed consequat sollicitudin purus, eu commodo velit adipiscing et. Aenean at commodo felis.</p>
        <p>Pellentesque sodales, lacus sit amet consequat aliquet, purus tellus egestas enim, non bibendum odio sapien eu justo. Etiam aliquet lobortis velit, id sagittis dui scelerisque eu. Vestibulum in hendrerit tellus. Proin odio augue, tincidunt eget cursus at, laoreet quis nisl.</p>
        <ul>
          <li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.</li>
          <li>In egestas sollicitudin dui, vitae faucibus elit accumsan et.</li>
        </ul>
        <p>Fusce ac tellus enim. Morbi sodales nibh vel orci pharetra dictum. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Proin sapien velit, ullamcorper eget ullamcorper id, tempus et libero. Duis gravida dapibus mauris vel placerat. Vivamus ornare tempus auctor.</p>
      </div>
      <aside>
        <h2>Sidebar</h2>
        <p class="summary">Duis tincidunt tempor leo. Nulla facilisi. Vivamus faucibus fringilla ultricies. Aliquam mollis sapien eu quam euismod facilisis.</p>
        <ul>
          <li>Vestibulum feugiat tristique arcu, consequat volutpat urna bibendum vitae.</li>
          <li>Nunc sagittis metus at odio posuere quis imperdiet leo consectetur.</li>
        </ul>
        <p>Phasellus a tortor sit amet dolor congue tristique in sed nulla. Suspendisse potenti. Quisque rutrum leo id dolor ultrices a auctor ligula varius.</p>
      </aside>
      <footer>
        <h2>Footer</h2>
        <p>Nulla viverra lectus quis leo tincidunt accumsan.</p>
      </footer>
    </body>
    </html>

## CSS media: screen and print

### Harvard College Funding Database

    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="screen.css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="print.css" />

Screen display (screen.css):

Print display (print.css):

## media selector

CSS2 defines a media selector for different media types.

### link

Incorporate as part of the "link" element:

    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="screen.css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="print.css" />

### @media selector

Or, use "@media" selector in style rule:

    @media print {
      body { font-size: 11pt; }
    }
    @media screen {
      body { font-size: medium; }
    }
    @media print {
      div.navigation {
        display: none;
      }
      hr {
        page-break-after: always;
      }
    }

### media types

all
  Suitable for all devices.
braille
  Intended for braille tactile feedback devices.
embossed
  Intended for paged braille printers.
handheld
  Intended for handheld devices (typically small screen, limited bandwidth).
print
  Intended for paged material and for documents viewed on screen in print preview mode.
projection
  Intended for projected presentations, for example projectors.
screen
  Intended primarily for color computer screens.
speech
  Intended for speech synthesizers. Note: CSS2 had a similar media type called 'aural' for this purpose.
tty
  Intended for media using a fixed-pitch character grid (such as teletypes, terminals, or portable devices with limited display capabilities).
tv
  Intended for television-type devices (low resolution, color, limited-scrollability screens, sound available).

## Print CSS

- CSS 2.1 CSS Print Profile deals with paged media
- CSS3: CSS Paged Media Module Level 3
- CSS3: CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module
- Designing for Print wtih CSS from Smashing Magazine

The book Cascading Style Sheets : Designing for the Web (3rd Edition) by Hakon Wium Lie and Bert Bos was printed using CSS.

See A List Apart: Articles: Printing a Book with CSS: Boom!

Copyright © David Heitmeyer